BIOL 2230 Lecture 8 March 21, 2011 Ch. 14: Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology continued Ch. 15: Innate Immunity

Cholera deaths in London, 1854 Figure 14.19

Question A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired A) in a health care facility. B) by eating contaminated food. C) by using a contaminated needle. D) by being bitten by an infected insect.

Pathogen 1 st line of defense

Skin Figure 15.1

Lacrimal apparatus Figure 15.3

Question Which of the following characteristics is shared by the skin and mucous membranes? A) They are both constantly shedding and replacing cells. B) They both have cilia. C) The outer layers are composed of dead cells. D) Lysozymes are always present.

Question Which of the following is NOT considered part of the body's nonspecific lines of defense against disease? A) antibodies B) mucous membranes C) intact skin D) phagocytic cells

Question Microbial antagonism refers to A) the presence of pathogens on the surface of the skin, which will invade the body through abrasions. B) the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body. C) the presence of normal microbiota that can become pathogens under certain conditions. D) the ability of microbiota to mutate into pathogens.

Pathogen 2 nd line of defense

Hematopoeisis Figure 15.4

Stained blood smears Figure 15.5a

Diapedesis

Stained blood smears Figure 15.5a

Phagocytosis

Stained blood smears Figure 15.5a

Stained blood smears Figure 15.5b

Question Which of the following cells increase in number during a helminth infection? A) basophils B) macrophages C) neutrophils D) eosinophils

Phagocytosis Figure 15.6

Type 1 Interferons Figure 15.7

Question Alpha and beta interferons A) help protect virus-infected cells from the effects of the pathogen. B) protect the cells that secrete them from being invaded by a virus. C) are produced by infected fibroblasts and macrophages. D) produce active antiviral proteins (AVPs) that coat the surface of healthy cells and prevent the attachment of pathogenic viruses.

Complement Pathways Figure 15.8

Question Which of the following statements concerning the alternative complement system is true? A) It is more efficient than the classical pathway. B) It works best on Gram-positive bacteria. C) Its activation is independent of antibodies. D) It is not useful in the early stages of fungal infection.

Question MACs are A) the end result for the classical complement system only. B) the end result for the alternative complement system only. C) the initial trigger for the classical complement system only. D) the end result of both the classical and alternative complement systems.

Dilation Figure 15.12

Increased Vascular Permeability Figure 15.13

Overview of Inflammation Figure 15.14

Possible explanation of fever production Figure 15.15

Adaptive immune cells Pathogen

Lymphocyte Figure 16.1

Lymphatic System Figure 16.2b

Lymphatic System Figure 16.2c

Lymphatic System Figure 16.2a

Epitope Figure 16.3a

Types of Antigens Figure 16.3b-d