Birds in the Midst of Change
Great Salt Lake Dynamics Natural Man caused
Natural Conditions Climate: a factor in long term trends Annual variation
Historic Lake Elevations An Indicator of Climate
Historic Lake Elevations An Indicator of the Annual Water Cycle Lake elevation measurement sites
Anthropogenic Influences on Lake Ecology Highlights from history Substantive effects
1850 Highlights from History
Substantive Effects: Diking is responsible for the creation of four distinct ecological units. North Arm South Arm Bear River Bay Farmington Bay
Substantive Effects: Necessary construction to the Southern Pacific causeway in the 1980s has created a salt trap in the North Arm.
Substantive Effects: Current upstream water consumption reduces the standing lake elevation by an estimated five feet (Arnow 1980).
Substantive Effects: Of 400,000 acres of lacustrine wetlands 50% are currently under management by state, federal and non-government organizations.
Substantive Effects: Exotic fish (i.e., carp and gizzard shad) were introduced into managed wetland systems and water storage impoundments.
Substantive Effects: Nearly 200,000 acres on the periphery of Great Salt Lake are leased properties for mineral extraction and other industrial uses (DSLF 1996).
Substantive Effects: In addition to mineral extraction, shorelines have been significantly altered by: road and railroad construction WMA diking power line development other human activities
Substantive Effects: The commercial harvest of brine shrimp cysts, and other shrimp biomass, at times exceeds 200,000,000 lbs. annually.
Avian Use and Responses to Change Nine examples of GSL species and their response to change.
American White Pelicans Two decades of breeding adults
Eared Grebes
Tundra Swan Swan concentration area 1990s Swan concentration area Ogden Bay WMA Bear River Refuge
White-faced Ibis Strategic Nesters
California Gull Breeding Adult Population
Snowy Plover Snowy Plover, master of dynamic habitats: Double brood in optimum conditions Long lived ( survival rate 2.7) Exploiter of ephemeral habitats
Wilson’s Phalarope
The New Horizon: Integrated Conservation