FLUKA: status of the code A.Ferrari, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Cern, 5-6 May 2015

Agenda:  The agenda is lightly charged, both today and tomorrow   please within the allocated times there should ample margin for questions/discussions/decisions, something which was somewhat missing in the past meetings  … sufficient extra time has been allocated for discussing some issues of relevance for the Collaboration, these discussions are important AF, Cern, May 5-6th, 20152

Collaboration membership:  Maintainer: Francesco  New members, previous decisions :  request of joining the Collaboration should be sent to the FSC  Duties/rights explained and in case requested approved  Resigning members:  Resignation should be sent to the FSC  The resigning member is still bound to the Coll. Rules for all activities which could still bear “remnants” of her/his participation (eg publication using results from the devel version etc)  No resignation request received (with an exception), anyway a check once per year could be worthwhile, Giuseppe? AF, Cern, May 5-6th, 20153

The FLUKA international Collaboration AF, Cern, May 5-6th, M. Brugger, M. Calviani, F. Cerutti, A. Fedynitch, Alfredo Ferrari, L.Esposito, R.Esposito, R. GarciaAlia, P. GarciaOrtega, L. Lari, A. Lechner, M.Magistris, C. Mancini, A. Manousos, A.Mereghetti, E. Nowak, S. Roesler, P. Schoofs, L. Skordis, N. Shetty, G. Smirnov, C. Theis, T. Viana Miranda, Heinz Vincke, Helmut Vincke, V. Vlachoudis, J.Vollaire, C.Weiss CERN Switzerland M. Chin, M.Nozar, A. Trudel, M. Trinkzec TRIUMF Canada A. Fassò,, R. Versaci ELI beamlines, Czech J. Ranft, Univ. of Siegen, Germany T. Boehlen, MedAustron, Austria P. Degtiarenko, G. Kharashvili, JLAB,USA G. Battistoni, F. Broggi, M. Campanella, S. Muraro, P.R. Sala, INFN Milano, Italy A. Margiotta, M. Sioli, Univ. and INFN Bologna, Italy V. Patera Univ. Roma La Sapienza, Italy V. Boccone Switzerland M. Pelliccioni, INFN Frascati & CNAO, Italy A. Mairani, CNAO, Italy M. Santana, SLAC, USA M.C. Morone, Univ. Roma II, Italy I. Rinaldi, K. Parodi, G. Dedes LMU Munich, Germany and HIT, Heidelberg, Germany A. Empl, S. Hoang, J. Idarraga M.Kroupa, L. Pinsky, B. Reddell, Houston Univ., USA A.A.Bahadori, K.T. Lee, N. Stoffe, E. Semones, N. Zapp, NASA-Houston, USA S. Trovati, PSI Switzerland S. Rollet, A.Sipaj AIT, Austria M. Lantz, Uppsala Univ., Sweden G. Lukasik, Poland E. Gadioli, M.V. Garzelli, Italy L. Sarchiapone, INFN Legnaro, Italy P.Colleoni, Ospedale Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo, Italy A. Fontana V.E. Bellinzona INFN Pavia Anna Ferrari, S. Mueller HZDR, Germany C. Cuccagna TERA Foundation, F. Fiorini CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology

AF, Cern, May 5-6th, Fluka Scientific Committee membership  Current membership (until December 31 st 2016): Giuseppe Battistoni INFN/Milan Francesco Cerutti CERN/EN Alberto Fasso` ELI Beaml. Alfredo Ferrari CERN/EN Andrea Mairani CNAO Maurizio Pelliccioni INFN/LNF Larry Pinsky UH Johannes Ranft Siegen Un. Stefan Roesler CERN/RP Paola R. Sala INFN/Milan Vasilis Vlachoudis CERN/EN

General considerations on Phys. Devel.  There is a long-standing list of topics  Those flagged “urgent” should be taken care first  Other “high priority” topics exists which should be taken care over a longer time scale (1-2 years)  Work on all other topics depends on availability of volunteers, however….  …whichever available manpower should first go into urgent topics  Some progress has been achieved wrt the previous meeting, however a major, relatively new, issue, absorbed most of the available manpower (hence other on the critical path for the release have mostly stalled) AF, Cern, May 5-6th, A discussion about who will do what, focused on the next release, is planned for tomorrow

AF, Cern, May 5-6th, Urgent priorities:  Partially neutralized or H - beam transport, and radioactive/excited isotope decay in flight (done, Philippe, Vasilis, Alfredo. Reopened, still a lot of major issues with the database, EXTREMELY URGENT!!!)  Update the decay, level and mass databases (done, Philippe, Vasilis, Alfredo. Reopened, still a lot of major issues with the database, EXTREMELY URGENT!!!) (ongoing, likely neverending)  Make them consistent and check for artifacts (ongoing, likely neverending) (ongoing, a lot off issues for medium/heavy nuclei, Philippe??)  Make the decays as analogue as possible (essential for in flight decays) (ongoing, a lot off issues for medium/heavy nuclei, Philippe??) (nothing!)  Adapt the transport framework to deal with unstable nuclei, both radioactive and/or excited to long-lived levels or to forbidden decays (like transitions) (nothing!) (nothing!)  Adapt the transport framework to deal with not fully stripped charge states (including proper masses, stripping of possibly energetic electrons when entering materials etc etc) (nothing!) (started, urgent, Alfredo, Philippe, not for the release)  Implement the crystal channeling machinery developed by Philippe (started, urgent, Alfredo, Philippe, not for the release) (stalled, apart Coulomb dissociation… critical, showstopper for the release!! Alfredo, Paola??)  Deuteron interactions (stalled, apart Coulomb dissociation… critical, showstopper for the release!! Alfredo, Paola??)

AF, Cern, May 5-6th, Urgent priorities cont.d: (done, Anatoli, Alfredo, a further evolved version is coming! See talk tomorrow)  Implement the revised version of DPMJET-3 (done, Anatoli, Alfredo, a further evolved version is coming! See talk tomorrow) (nothing! Alfredo+Pablo+Anton??)  Implement the Fluka-Sixtrack coupling through ad hoc “institutionalized” routines, instead of user routines (nothing! Alfredo+Pablo+Anton??) (started, Pablo)  Implement the PET scanner scoring (Pablo) through ad hoc “institutionalized” routines, instead of user routines (started, Pablo) (ongoing, Alfredo, Philippe??)  Improving and smoothing the transition resonance model-DPM for N-N reactions around GeV (ongoing, Alfredo, Philippe??) (done, Luigi, Paola)  Make the FLUGG interface 64 bit compliant (done, Luigi, Paola) (started, after the release, who???)  Bring all pointers to 64 bits (started, after the release, who???) (ongoing, Alfredo, Paola, George, not a showstopper for the release)  Revise, understand, benchmark the neutrino cross section and interaction package (ongoing, Alfredo, Paola, George, not a showstopper for the release) (ongoing, showstopper, Alfredo, Vasilis, Andrea M)  Implement RT-STRUCT and RT-PLAN Fluka-wise (ongoing, showstopper, Alfredo, Vasilis, Andrea M) (started, after the release, Alfredo, Andrea M)  Implement multiple choices for the  scoring (started, after the release, Alfredo, Andrea M)

AF, Cern, May 5-6th, (Un)expected issues requiring urgent fix: (ongoing, Andrea F.??)  Too low Coulomb barriers for  ’s and other light ion reactions on medium-heavy nuclei  overestimated cross sections below MeV (ongoing, Andrea F.??) (started, who??)  Too low deuteron emission for reactions like (p,d)/(n,d) on medium/heavy nuclei in the pre- equilibrium regime. The fix is likely to extend what has been already implemented for light targets (for  ’s as well) (started, who??) (ongoing, no chance for the release, Alfredo, Philippe??)  While looking for “improving and smoothing the transition resonance model-DPM for N-N”,  obsolete resonance production cross section and branchings for nucleon-nucleon interactions (Comfort…), urgent to fix, however it requires a major reworking (ongoing, no chance for the release, Alfredo, Philippe??) (ongoing, Alfredo??)  Large p T tail for high energy interactions systematically underestimated (even if tiny, still important in some cases) (ongoing, Alfredo??) (ongoing, urgent  release showstopper!! Francesco, Andrea M, Alfredo)  Large inconsistencies between BME and rQMD about high energy tails of charged particles emitted at large angles (ongoing, urgent  release showstopper!! Francesco, Andrea M, Alfredo) (started??, urgent  release showstopper!! Stefan!)  Asymmetries in baryon production in AA collisions in Dpmjet-3 (started??, urgent  release showstopper!! Stefan!)

Pre-release / availability / testing  An advanced Fluka version, Fluka2014.5pre that was not yet publicly distributed has been given to the participants to the 3 rd Fluka Advanced Course  A dedicated area on the FLUKA web site has been setup to allow Collaboration members to download and test the latest development release (more details from Paola): Fluka2015.0pre will be soon available in the test area!  Collaboration members are strongly encouraged to test these pre-releases (a few already did)  These pre-releases should not be used for scientific work, neither results obtained with these pre-releases should be used for any project, publication or comparison  Its use is strictly limited at getting at testing the new features, unless special exceptions are agreed within the collaboration (the obvious one being publications about the new features/models)  Bugs/questions related to this pre-release version should be addressed internally to with the tag [fluka2015] in the subject AF, Cern, May 5-6th,

New features in ion-ion generators  Nuclear discrete levels accounted for in BME, rQMD and DPMJET interactions when considering fragment excitation AF, Cern, May 5-6th,  (Initial) extension of BME to A=3 projectiles  BME coupled with Peanut preequilibrium for configurations where the BME native preequilibrium is not available -> major improvement in the description of alpha (and not only) induced reactions Excitation functions for the production of radioisotopes from  interactions on Au (left) and Pb ( right) (Data: CSISRS, NNDC)

…but: a lot of bad surprises from rQMD/BME…  … the transition between BME and rQMD (linearly phased out between 150 and 100 MeV/n) turned out to be grossly discontinuous at large angles for charged particles and neutrons in the devel version…  … this is due to an overestimation by BME, which is an unintended consequence of the PEANUT preeq addition which works so nicely at lower energies for  ’s, and an underestimation by rQMD…  … many other problems, particularly for medium to heavy targets, popped out during the investigation…  … including some unphysical features in some of the BME processes…  … and a non-physical dependence of results on the way the rQMD approximate kinematics (no binding, no correct account for nuclear well depths etc) is corrected a posteriori before evaporation  At the same time rQMD was known to miss completely reactions where the original light projectile emerges unscathed from the collision AF, Cern, May 5-6th,

C on 135 MeV/n: AF, Cern, May 5-6th, Neutron double differential spectra at various angles. Histos: “old” rQMD (left), “old” BME (right), “devel” BME (centre).Symbols: exp. data

Ne on 135 MeV/n: AF, Cern, May 5-6th, Neutron double differential spectra at various angles. Histos: “old” rQMD (left), “old” BME (right), “devel” BME (centre). Symbols: exp. data

…work in progress: preeq in rQMD (with caveats)  Introduction of a preequilibrium step inside rQMD, depending on two thresholds (a la PEANUT) checked against both the target and projectile pre-fragments  … it works nicely up to MeV/n …  … at higher energies increasing problems because a (low) energy nucleon managed by preeq. in the target/projectile system is a ~max energy one in the projectile/target system  NN scattering no longer ~isotropic, pion production etc…  …  educated phase out of most of the preequilibrium (lowering more and more the thresholds), keeping a minimum to assure proper kinematics (see below) and binding energy treatment  Fixing rQMD kinematics as much as possible “a priori” rather than “a posteriori” by:  Accounting for reduced masses and nuclear wells  Accounting (at least on average) for binding energies  Accounting for Coulomb barriers and nucleons excited but bound between Fermi and continuum   several thousands lines of open-heart surgery on rQMD, hopefully worthwhile  … improved results (still issues), no longer no projectile surviving…  … and as a by-product a factor ~x4 speed-up in CPU for projectile-target-energy combinations typical of hadrontherapy AF, Cern, May 5-6th,

C on 135 MeV/n: rQMD before and after AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

Ne on 135 MeV/n: rQMD before and after AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

Ne on 135 MeV/n: rQMD before and after AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

Ne on 135 MeV/n: rQMD before and after AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

Ne on 400 MeV/n: rQMD before and after AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

N on 400 MeV/n: rQMD before and after AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

He on 135 MeV/n: rQMD still some issues AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

Ar on 95 MeV/n: (mod) rQMD still working! AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

Ar on 95 MeV/n: (mod) rQMD not too bad! AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

…work in progress: BME and (PEANUT)  The introduction of a (PEANUT) preequilibrium step inside BME for combinations where the native BME preequilibrium is not available has been performed in 2011 and benchmarked against low energy  induced reactions  … as explained (and shown) before when looking at higher energies/large angles, there are significant issues  … it generates unphysically large high energy tails at large angles, particularly on heavy targets  … at higher energies increasing problems because large excitation energies can be spent on just few nucleons unless proper constraints are applied  The ongoing fixes focus on constraining the available excitation energy per “first-collided” particle-hole exciton pair, a concept which did not exist in the original PEANUT preequilibrium where projectile were individual nucleons…  … at the same time the impact of the initial exciton configurations passed to the preequilibrium will be explored and optimized…  … and some artefacts in the spectra will be investigated and solved working on the BME processes…  … while maintaining the very good results for low energy  ’s excitation curves AF, Cern, May 5-6th,

Ar on 95 MeV/n: BME work in progress AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old w/o and with Peanut Preeq Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

C on 135 MeV/n: BME work in progress AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old w/o and with Peanut Preeq Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

C on 135 MeV/n: BME work in progress AF, Cern, May 5-6th, New Old w/o and with Peanut Preeq Neutron double differential spectra at various angles Histos: rQMD Symbols: exp. data

… next weeks: Finalize the new rQMD settings into Fluka2015.0pre and make them available Freeze a (preliminary) setup for BME+preeq which at least fixes the most outstanding issues Test both against: Particle production data Fragment production (for rQMD up to ~GeV/n), including  + emitter production Depth-dose profiles for beams of therapeutical interest Check prompt photon production Check BME against lower energy data Verify that low energy  interactions are still nicely described Iterate in case of regressions for those observables wrt past benchmarks  Volunteers beyond the developers (AF, FC, AM) welcome (I would say badly needed…), Giuseppe, Till, others? AF, Cern, May 5-6th,

AUXSCORE filtering for activity binnings: AUXSCORE  There was a long standing wish to be able to filter through AUXSCORE the radioactive isotope under consideration when scoring an activity binning (eg “I want to know how much activity comes from 60-Co….”)  Now (2014.5pre) it is possible! After several iterations (thanks Stefan for helping in the debugging) eventually it works AUXSCORE  Please, read *carefully* the manual about how the AUXSCORE filtering works for ions (in particular how to select only the ground state or an isomer, rather than all together) AF, Cern, May 5-6th,

New flag for keeping track for (parent) Isotope:  IaztrkIaztrk  Iaztrk = flag for the parent radioactive isotope if any (Iaztrk = A Z * m) (TRACKR)  The variable is in common (TRACKR) and propagated throughout the code to daughters etc etc  It is intended for “easy” filtering in user routines like comscw, fluscw etc  Not yet tested!! As soon as a fluka2015.0pre tarball will be available for download, volunteers will be needed for checking and reporting possible (very likely) issues AF, Cern, May 5-6th,

New generalized particle (2015.0pre): ß + annihilation points  ANNIHRST  ANNIHRST = generalized particle for scoring ß + annihilation points  It can be used for (point-like, not track-length like) USRBIN’s  Together with the previous flag it should allow an easy scoring of annihilation points possibly filtered for the isotope which generated the ß + decay  Totally untested!! As soon as a fluka2015.0pre tarball will be available for download, volunteers will be needed for checking and reporting possible (very likely) issues AF, Cern, May 5-6th,

AF, Cern, May 5-6th, Pointwise neutron cross section: Not for next release, to be ramped up just after the urgent priorities, no progress since 2013 apart 2 H, 3 He and 4 He pointwise, fully-correlated (ongoing, Alfredo, Vasilis)  Define a format (ongoing, Alfredo, Vasilis)  Processing chain (fortran please!) possibly as much as possible with NJOY (  compatibility with the corresponding group  ’s)  uniform grid?  Post-processing tests modeled as per group  ’s (ongoing, nuclear physics experts required, Anton??)  Fully analogue (it requires a lot of work for reactions like (n,n  ), (n,2n), (n,np) etc), quite some work done (Alfredo) for a general implementation (ongoing, nuclear physics experts required, Anton??) (ongoing, Alfredo, Anton??)  Re-utilize as much as possible the format/tools already developed for some special cases (ongoing, Alfredo, Anton??)  Start with  ’s, then move to secondary particle distributions in steps (??? Was Stefan M. the volunteer ??)  Kalbach parameterization sampling routine (??? Was Stefan M. the volunteer ??) I would like to have a fully dedicated session at the next meeting, with people coming available for commitments

How to see his/her own devel. wishes fulfilled: repeated First of all, the best and only way to see one's priorities fulfilled is to *help*... in this collaboration almost everybody has some specific wishes, but unfortunately few really contribute. In specific, eg looking at two recent examples: a) isomers for low energy neutrons have been implemented because 1) they have been since a long time a priority for (CERN) RP and I work for CERN... 2) Matteo made a substantial and critical part of the work in the past, BTW kudos to him again 3) the issue became urgent now for calculations for 99-Mo production where I am supervising a person in a collaboration with the University of Geneve -> it was my priority b) (initial) electronuclear were implemented because: 1) they are a relatively small add-on to work we did in the last months to extend the electromagnetic dissociation model to lower energies and higher multi-polarities beyond E1 2) This has been done in the framework of the analysis of exp. data on 12 C breakup at 33 MeV/n, a work where myself and Francesco are supervising a PhD student (C.Mancini, presentation this afternoon) -> it was again our priority AF, Cern, May 5-6th,

An example: Stefan/Anna wishes for new n xsec’s  New temperatures  Several new elements (43 isotopes in total)  Possible solutions:  Find time to process the new datasets/temperature?  Instruct somebody (Stefan M?) how to do (it requires quite a bit of transfer of infos)? AF, Cern, May 5-6th, Sym Z N iso A's SELENIUM Se RUBIDIUM Rb RUTHENIU Ru TELLURIU Te PRASEODI Pr DYSPROSI Dy HOLMIUM Ho ERBIUM Er OSMIUM Os == 43

AF, Cern, May 5-6th,