Essentials of Understanding Psychology 9th Edition By Robert Feldman BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

MODULE 8: Sensing the World Around Us What is sensation, and how do psychologists study it? What is the relationship between a physical stimulus and the kinds of sensory responses that result from it? BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

MODULE 8: Sensing the World Around Us Sensation Activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy For example light activate the eye for sight. Perception Sorting out, interpretation(translate), analysis, and integration of stimuli carried out by the sense organs and brain BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

MODULE 8: Sensing the World Around Us Stimulus Any passing source of physical energy that produces a response in a sense organ Psychophysics Study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Absolute Thresholds: Detecting What’s Out There Smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected Our sensory organs are as sensitive that we can feel a small stimuli. Difference Threshold Smallest level of added (or reduced) stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Sensory Adaptation: Turning Down Our Responses An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli. The sense diminish when a stimuli become familiar with a sensory organ. BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Basic Cells of the Eye BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Illuminating the Structure of the Eye Cornea Protects eye and refracts light It’s a transparent window. Pupil It’s a dark hole in the center of the iris. Opening depends on amount of light in environment Iris Colored part of eye & protect the internal parts of eye. Lens It changes its position to focuses the light. BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Illuminating the Structure of the Eye Reaching the Retina Light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain Rods Receptor cells sensitive to light Cones Cone-shaped; responsible for sharp focus and color perception Concentrated in the fovea BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Illuminating the Structure of the Eye Processing the Visual Message Takes place in the visual cortex of the brain Feature detection BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Color Vision and Color Blindness: The Seven-Million-Color Spectrum Explaining Color Vision Trichromatic theory of color vision Suggests that there are three kinds of cones in the retina Blue-violet colors Green colors Yellow-red colors Not successful at explaining afterimages BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Color Vision and Color Blindness: The Seven-Million-Color Spectrum Opponent-process theory of color vision Receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other Blue-yellow Red-green Black-white Explains afterimages BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

MODULE 10: Hearing and the Other Senses What role does the ear play in the senses of sound, motion, and balance? How do smell and taste function? What are the skin senses, and how do they relate to the experience of pain? BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N) The Ear BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N) Sensing Sound Sound Movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration Eardrum Vibrates when sound waves hit it Middle ear consists of three types of bones Hammer, anvil, stirrup BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N) Sensing Sound Inner Ear Changes sound vibrations into a form in which they can be transmitted to the brain Cochlea Filled with fluid and vibrates in response to sound Basilar membrane Dividing cochlea into an upper chamber and lower chamber Covered with hair cells BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N) Sensing Sound Sorting Out Theories of Sound Place Theory of Hearing It States that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies Frequency Theory of Hearing Suggests that the entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Sensing Sound Balance: The Ups and Downs of Life Vestibular System Semicircular canals Main structure of vestibular system Three tubes containing fluid that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement to the brain Otoliths Small tiny crystals in semicircular canals which Sense forward, backward, or up-and-down motion, as well as the pull of gravity BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N) Smell Olfaction Sense of smell is sparked when the molecules of a substance enter the nasal passages Olfactory cells: it secretes a chemical in which the odor diffuse in it and produce an impulse. Pheromones : it is use in sexual activity in animals. There are more than 100 receptors are present in nasal cavity. BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N) Taste Gustation Taste qualities Sweet Sour Salty Bitter “Umami” Taste Buds Supertasters: these are most sensitive to taste. Nontasters :these are less sensitive to taste. BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

How Our Senses Interact Synesthesia Multimodal perception Brain collects the information from the individual sensory systems and integrates and coordinates it BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

MODULE 11: Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World What principles underlie our organization of the visual world and allow us to make sense of our environment? How are we able to perceive the world in three dimensions when our retinas are capable of sensing only two-dimensional images? BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

MODULE 11: Perceptual Organization: Constructing Our View of the World What clues do visual illusions give us about our understanding of general perceptual mechanisms? BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing Top-Down Processing Perception is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations Bottom-Up Processing Consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from individual components of a stimulus and moving to the perception of the whole BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N) Top-Down Processing BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N) Perceptual Constancy Phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent despite changes in their appearance or in the physical environment. For example when you leave your friend and look at them after few minutes he become smaller. BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Motion Perception: As the World Turns Cues about perception of motion The movement of an object across the retina is typically perceived relative to some stable, unmoving background Movement of images across the retina We factor in information about our own head and eye movements, along with information about changes in the retinal image Apparent movement BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Subliminal Perception Perception of messages about which we have no awareness Called priming Written word Sound Smell BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)

Extrasensory Perception (ESP) Perception that does not involve our known senses Most psychologists reject the existence of ESP, asserting that there is no sound documentation of the phenomenon Psychological Bulletin “Anomalous process of information transfer” or psi BY:Azhar ali (RED ROSE N)