PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres C h a p t e r 19 The Endocrine System PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres North Harris College Houston, Texas Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Introduction The nervous system and endocrine system work together to monitor and adjust physiological activities. In general, the nervous system performs short- term “crisis management,” and the endocrine system regulates longer-term, ongoing metabolic processes. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Endocrine System Endocrine system includes all of the endocrine cells and tissues of the body. Endocrine cells are glandular secretory cells that release hormones. Hormones are organized into four groups based on chemical structure: Amino acid derivatives Peptide hormones Steroid hormones Eicosanoids Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Endocrine System Endocrine activity is controlled by endocrine reflexes that are triggered by: Humoral stimuli Hormonal stimuli Neural stimuli Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Endocrine System Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

An Overview of the Endocrine System Figure 19.2 Hypothalamic Control over Endocrine Organs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland, or hypophysis Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) ADH Oxytocin Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe) ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone TSH — thyroid-stimulating hormone GH — growth hormone PRL — prolactin FSH — follicle-stimulating hormone LH — luteinizing hormone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pituitary Gland Figure 19.3 Gross Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pituitary Gland and Its Subdivisions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pituitary Gland TABLE 19.1 The Pituitary Hormones Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pituitary Gland Figure 19.4 Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pituitary Gland Figure 19.5 The Pituitary Gland and the Hypophyseal Portal System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thyroid Gland Sits on thyroid cartilage of larynx Butterfly-like appearance Consists of two main lobes connected by the isthmus Controls metabolism Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyronine (T3) Involved in calcium homeostasis Calcitonin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thyroid Gland Figure 19.6a Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (a) Location of Thyroid Gland, Anterior View Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thyroid Gland Figure 19.6b Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (b) Thyroid Gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thyroid Gland Figure 19.6c Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Thyroid Gland: (c) Thyroid Follicles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thyroid Gland Figure 19.7 The Regulation of Thyroid Secretion Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Parathyroid Glands Located on the back of the thyroid gland Two types of cells: Parathyroid cells, or principal cells— glandular cells that produce the hormone PTH Oxyphil cells and transitional cells— likely immature or inactive principal cells Regulates calcium homeostasis PTH— parathyroid hormone Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Parathyroid Glands Figure 19.8 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Parathyroid Glands Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thymus Located on top of the heart Secretes many chemicals that help T cells of the immune system develop Thymosins Atrophies as one ages Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thymus Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Thymus Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Located on top of kidneys The Suprarenal Glands Located on top of kidneys Manages stress levels Can be divided into two regions: Suprarenal cortex The Zona Glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids. The Zona Fasciculata produces glucocorticoids. The Zona Reticularis produces androgens. Suprarenal medulla Chromaffin cells produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and norephinephrine (noradrenaline). Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Suprarenal Glands Figure 19.9 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Suprarenal Gland Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Suprarenal Glands Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine Functions of the Kidneys and Heart Renin, an enzyme Erythropoietin, a peptide hormone Calcitriol, a steroid hormone The heart Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) Both produce hormones involved with the regulation of blood pressure and blood volume Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System The Pancreas — located under stomach Alpha cells — glucagon Beta cells — insulin Delta cells — somatostatin (growth-hormone inhibiting hormone) F cells — pancreatic polypeptide (PP) Other digestive hormones discussed in digestive chapter Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System Figure 19.10 Anatomy and Histological Organization of the Pancreas Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pancreas and Other Endocrine Tissues of the Digestive System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System Testes Interstitial cells produce androgens (testosterone) Promotes production of functional sperms, maintains secretory glands, influences secondary sexual characteristics, and stimultes muscle growth Nurse cells (or sustentabular cells) secrete inhibin Ovaries Follicular cells produce estrogens and secrete inhibin Corpus luteum releases progestins and relaxin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Endocrine Tissues of the Reproductive System TABLE 19.5 Hormones of the Reproductive System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pineal Gland Part of the epithalamus Contains neurons, glial cells, and special secretary cells called pinealocytes Pinealocytes synthesizes the hormone, melatonin Melatonin Slows the maturation of sperm, oocytes, and reproductive organs Production rate rises at night and declines during the day Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Pineal Gland Figure 19.1 The Endocrine System Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Hormones and Aging Exhibits relatively few changes with advancing age One can expect The changes in reproduction hormone levels at puberty The decline in the concentration of reproductive hormones at menopause in women Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Note Figure 19.11 Endocrine Abnormalities Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Note Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Note Figure 19.12 Joan’s MRI Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Clinical Note Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings