The Nervous System Controls and coordinates the body’s responses to changes in the environment HOW: Stimulus ≡ a change in the external or internal environment.

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Presentation transcript:

The Nervous System Controls and coordinates the body’s responses to changes in the environment HOW: Stimulus ≡ a change in the external or internal environment which initiates an impulse Impulse ≡ an electro-chemical charge generated along a neuron

The Nervous System Receptors ≡ structures specialized to detect certain stimuli Response ≡ a reaction to a stimulus Effectors ≡ what responds to a stimulus such as muscles or glands

Neurons Neuron ≡ Basic Unit of the Nervous System Neurons conduct impulses throughout the nervous system. A neuron is a long cell that consists of three regions: a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

Neurons Dendrites ≡ receive impulses and carry them toward the cell body Axon ≡ carries impulses away from the cell body and toward other neurons, muscles, or glands. Cell body ≡ contains the nucleus

Myelin sheath coating signal direction Axon coated with insulation made of myelin cells speeds signal signal hops from node to node 330 mph vs. 11 mph myelin coating Multiple Sclerosis immune system (T cells) attacks myelin coating loss and/or slowing of signal impulse 2003-2004

Facts about neurons Most specialized cell in animals Longest cell blue whale neuron 10-30 meters giraffe axon 5 meters human neuron 1-2 meters Nervous system allows for 1 millisecond response time 2003-2004

Types of Neurons 3 Types of neurons 1. Sensory neurons: carry impulses from the body to the spinal cord and brain (sense receptors) 2. Motor neurons carry the response impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to a muscle or gland. (effectors) 3.Interneurons: connect sensory &motor neurons within the brain and spinal cord

Types of neurons sensory neuron (from senses) interneuron (brain & spinal chord) 2003-2004 motor neuron (to muscle)

How an impulse is transmitted 1. Resting: no impulse, cell is polarized ( + on outside & - on inside) Sodium/Potassium pump in axon using ATP maintains this polarity (active transport);slower

How an impulse is transmitted 2.Impulse: stimulus excites neuron Na+ channels open Na+ goes inside, therefore inside becomes more + Depolarization occurs = a nerve impulse Impulse moves in one direction Depolarization works with concentration gradient

Synapse: a connection Junction between nerve cells Connection between neurons & effector cells synapse 2003-2004

Synapse: a connection 1st cell releases chemical (neurotransmitter) to trigger next cell where drugs affect nervous system synapse 2003-2004

The Nervous Systems Central nervous system (CNS) brain & spinal cord cerebrum cerebellum spinal cord cervical nerves thoracic lumbar femoral nerve sciatic tibial Central nervous system (CNS) brain & spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) nerves from senses nerves to muscles/glands Both systems work together 2003-2004

Anatomy of the brain Cerebrum: Conscious activities Intelligence Memory Language Voluntary activity Cerebellum: Coordinates motor activity & balance

Anatomy of the brain Midbrain: reptilian brain (instincts, emotions) Hindbrain/Brain stem: Medulla Oblongata: involuntary activities such as breathing & heart rate

Central Nervous System (CNS) The Nervous System Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Central Nervous System (CNS) Somatic Nervous System (voluntary) Relays information to and from skin and skeletal muscles. Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary) Relays information to internal organs. Sympathetic Nervous System Controls organs in times of stress. Parasympathetic Nervous System Controls organs when body is at rest

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