The Central Nervous System

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
The Central Nervous System
Advertisements

At the center of everything… but separated by layers of membranes.
The Nervous System (Pgs )
Chapter 7 The Nervous System
The Nervous System.
PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing.
The Meninges Dura mater - outermost layer Arachnoid mater - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains.
Nervous System Outline
Peripheral NS Links the brain to sensor receptors, skeletal muscles, and effector organs in the periphery Consists of two divisions –somatic nervous system.
The cranial nerves. Central Nervous System - Brain Identify the anatomical location of each major brain area. Describe the functions of the major brain.
The Nervous System The Lay of the Land. Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system.
Neurons & Nervous Systems
I. Nerve Organization A.Nerve Net – Limited synapses between neurons. B.Ganglia – Local cluster of nerves. C.Cephalization – Head formation and bilateral.
Chapter 9.  Central Nervous System (CNS)  Brain and spinal cord  Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) ◦ nerves.
Central Nervous System
 600 mya = sponges have different tissues  550 mya = flatworm with “eyespots’  500 mya = first fish  360 mya = reptiles w/lower brains  65 mya =
EDU2HBS Human Body Systems 1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nervous Systems.
Section 9.3 Assignment The Central Nervous System
Chapter 13 Anatomy & Physiology Seeley/Stephens/Tate Fifth Edition
Chapter 2 Exploring the Nervous System. Anatomical Views Horizontal section - Shows structures viewed from above Sagittal section - Divides structures.
Mammalian Nervous System
Nervous System By the end of the lesson you should be able to  Describe the transmission of impulses from senses to central nervous system and back to.
The Meninges Dura mater - outermost layer Arachnoid mater - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains.
Class 2 Nervous System, cont. Spinal Cord Brain. Development of the Brain and Spinal Cord.
Learning & Memory.
Chapter 8 Nervous System I
The Brain.
Homeostasis 3: The Central Nervous System And The Peripheral Nervous System The Central Nervous System And The Peripheral Nervous System.
Neuron soma deep within the brain
The Brain. Divisions Cerebrum Diencephalon Brainstem Cerebellum.
Nervous System Ch. 49. Nervous System -Found in every part of the body from the head to the tips of the fingers and toes. -Divided into central nervous.
The Brain. CNS – composed of the brain and spinal cord Composed of wrinkled, pinkish gray tissue Surface anatomy includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum,
Central nervous system (CNS) Brain + Spinal Cord
Human Physiology The Central Nervous System ▪Thing to be covered ▸ Anatomy of the CNS ▸ The Spinal Cord ▸ The Brain.
Nervous System Physiology
DR. ZAHOOR ALI SHAIKH LECTURE First We Will Discuss ‘ORGANIZATION & CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM’ then we will talk about ‘Overview of Central nervous.
POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing.
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin.
Nervous system. Nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Nervous tissue consists of neurons; whereas the brain and spinal cord contain.
CNS Anatomy of the Brain.
D. C. MIKULECKY PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND FACULTY MENTORING PROGRAM.
The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4 th edition Barbara Herlihy Chapter 10: Nervous System: Nervous Tissue and Brain 1.
The Nervous System Chapter 11.
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 8 Central Nervous System.
Nervous System Page 203. Nervous System Directs the functions of all human body systems 100 billion nerve cells Divided into two sections ▫Central Nervous.
Nervous System Structure
The Nervous System.
What does a Nervous System do for you?
Central Nervous System
The Nervous System Vocabulary Review.
ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM D. C. Mikulecky Professor of Physiology.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS)  CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube 
Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology The master controlling and communicating system of the body Functions: –Sensory input – monitoring stimuli occurring.
Thalamus The thalamus (from GREEK = bedroom, chamber) Functionally considered as the great sensory gateway to the cerebral cortex.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE REFLEX ARC Reflex—rapid, predictable, and involuntary response to a stimulus Occurs over pathways called reflex arcs Reflex arc—direct.
ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 7 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by.
DR. ZAHOOR ALI SHAIKH LECTURE First We Will Discuss ‘ORGANIZATION & CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM’ then we will talk about ‘Overview of Central nervous.
BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR. WHY DO PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDY THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? The nervous system is the direct source of all behavior The nervous system is shaped.
THE BRAIN!!!!!!.
Central Nervous System (CNS). What is the function of the CNS? 1. Relay messages 2. Process information 3. Analyze information.
17-1 The Central Nervous System The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the spinal cord and brain. The CNS receives and sends sensory input and coordinates.
Major Brain Regions & Landmarks Cerebrum Cerebrum performs higher mental functions Neural cortex cerebral cortex Neural cortex (gray matter) covered by.
Chapter 36 Animal Brain Organization and Function Chapter 36.
PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing.
Functions of the Cerebral Cortex 1. Interprets sensory impulses (including auditory, visual, and olfactory), controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle,
The Nervous System.
Central Nervous System
Presentation transcript:

The Central Nervous System Ch. 5 The Central Nervous System

Objectives Understand how the nervous system is organized Know the various cell types that are found in nervous tissue and their function Identify and understand the function of the various parts of the central nervous system Define and know what memory is Understand how a reflex arc works

Organization and Cells faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu

Neurons and Glial Cells Three functional classes of neurons Afferent sensory Interneurons Efferent motor Four types of glial cells Astrocytes Spatial orientation and support Synapse formation Thrombospondin Repair and barrier formation Nourish Degradation of neurotransmitters K+ regulation Oligodendrocytes myelination Microglia Immune protection Nerve growth factor Ependymal cells Internal lining of CNS Production of CSF Neural stem cells yachigusaryu.com

Protection and Nourishment Skull Meninges Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Cerebral Spinal fluid Secreted by choroid plexus Rich in Na+ Blood-brain barrier Anatomical and physiological barrier Oxygen neuroglobin Glucose csuchico.edu

Overview of CNS Brain and spinal cord Brain organization Forebrain Cerebrum Cerebral cortex Basal nuclei Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebellum Brain stem Midebrain Pons medulla open-source-cranio.com

Cerebrum Composed of two hemispheres divided into four lobes Frontal Voluntary motor skills, speaking, though Parietal Somatosensory processing Temporal Auditory processing Occipital Visual processing Hemispherical specialization Left – logical and analytic Right – creative and artisitic islamicmiracles.net

Motor and Sensory Humunculi Use-dependent competition Modifications based on use Plasticity Ability to be functionally remodeled structural-communication.com

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Record of postsynaptic activity in cortical neurons EPSPs or IPSPs Uses Brain dysfunction Brain death Sleep stages

Basal Nuclei and Diencephalon Regulatory inhibition of motor control Divided into four regions of grey matter Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Claustrum Associated with Parkinson’s disease Diencephalon Thalamus Relay station for sensory input Also involved in motor control Hypothalamus Integrates and regulates important homeostatic functions Body temp Thirst Adenohypophysis control

The Limbic System Associated with learning and emotions Controls basic behavioral patterns Reward and punishment centers Motivation – ability to direct behavior to toward specific goals Norepinephrine, dopamine, and seratonine

Learning and Memory The acquisition of knowledge or skills as a consequence of experience or instruction The storage of acuired knowledge for later recall Memory traces Neural changes responsible for storage of knowledge

Short-term Memory Involve temporary modifications in the function of preexisting synapses Two types Habituation Decreased responsiveness to a repetitive indifferent stimulus Ca2+ channels do not readily open Sensitization Increased responsiveness to mild stimuli following a strong stimulus Ca2+ channel open and stay open longer K+ influx prevented Long term Potentiation Modifications due to increased use, connection gets stronger the more it is used Transition to long term memory

Long-Term Memory Involves formation of new, permanent synaptic connections Immediate early genes Play a role in memory consolidation Genes may encode for proteins that are necessary for synapse formation, production of neurotransmitters, answer not clear yet

Memory Traces in the Brain Hippocampus Declarative memory The “what’ memories of specific people, places, objects, facts (semantic) and events (episodic) Cerebellum Procedural memories “how to” memories involving repetitive motor skills Prefrontal cortex Working memory Memory necessary to integrate information that is relevant now

Cerebellum Balance and coordination Three regions Vestibulocerebellum Balance and controls eye movements Spinocerebellum Enhances muscle tone and coordinates voluntary movements Cerebrocerebellum Plans and initiates voluntary activity by providing input to cortical motor areas Procedural memory yourbrainetc.tumblr.com

Brain Stem Link between spinal cord and high brain Medulla, pons, midbrain 12 cranial nerves arise from brain stem Cardiac, respiratory, and digestive control centers Reticular formation (RAS) Regulates muscle reflexes involved with euilibrium and posture House the sleep center

Spinal Cord Slender tube that extends from the brain stem and goes through vertebral column Gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal Grey matter core, white matter on the periphery White matter organized into tracts Begin and end in specific brain regions and transmit specific information

Spinal Tracts Ascending tracts Descending tracts Horns of spinal cord Carry sensory information up Descending tracts Carry motor input down Horns of spinal cord Dorsal Synapse with sensory neurons Ventral Cell bodies of motor neurons Lateral Fibers supplying cardiac and smooth muscle, glands people.eku.edu

Reflexes Response that occurs automatically without conscious effort Basic reflexes Acquired reflexes Reflex arc Sensory receptor Afferent pathway Integrating center Efferent pathway Effector Please know reflexes described