“We are a school for all young people, a chance for everyone – we are a school for the future:” Competence Tenacity Energy COLEGIUL TEHNIC ENERGETIC COLEGIUL TEHNIC ENERGETIC

Electric power from renewable sources E-RES Micro-hydropower plants - MHP 1. Why power from renewable sources?  For the protection of the environment, increasing the energy autonomy by using the natural potential of the geographical area, economic reasons and social cohesion.

 For Romania an average of 33% of electric power is estimated to possibly be provided through RES, in approximately 5000 locations, suitable for small scale hydropower constructions – micro hydropower plants.  Hydropower: the first accomplishment in Romania is the Grozăveşti power plant, on Ciurel Lake, Bucharest 1889.

 Vâlcea County is representative for the hydroelectric constructions which use the hydraulic potential of the river Olt and its tributary rivers, especially Lotru..  Olt Hydrographic Basin represents 17% of the potential of the interior rivers, and counts today on 27 hydropower plants, 4 micro- hydropower plants and other installations.

Hydropower is electricity generated by hydropower through water force.

2. What is HydroPower?  Hydropower is the electric power generated by hydropower plants, through the power of water.  Advantages: the settlement of the river courses it is adapted to the potential energy of the country cheap exploitation environmentally friendly  Disadvantages: it produces major changes to the natural environment, dams and other constructions substantial financial investments.

Hydroelectric Power Plant Assumes mechanisms involving twisted or powerful engines and turbines that use water power to producte electricity.

3. Hydropower plants – HPP  are power plants in which electricity is produced by the mechanical power of a turbine, which is set in motion by water force (water fall or large flow).  The components of a HPP are: Accumulation lake formed behind a dam. The dam – artificial obstacle for the storage of large quantities of water. Adduction – takes over the water from the lake and caries it to the power plant (forced gallery, forced pipe, distribution to the turbines – two minimum). Pressure node made of: oCastle of balance – safety construction which takes over the level changes of the water oValve house – adjusts the quantity of water that goes through the adduction pipe to the power plant. Main power plant: oThe building of the power plant oThe engine room where the turbine transforms the force of water in mechanical energy, that the generator turns into electric power; installations which provide the cooling water to the aggregates, oil under pressure, compressed air; lifting machines, like slide bridges; control room with automatic equipment for distance command. Transformer station where the parameters of the electric power produced are raised to proper values for the transportation through the electric network.

Canals Canal running, CHE Subcetate Water intakes

forced gallery

Building a hydroelectric power plant HPP Stejaru: Engine room Underground central control room transformer station

4. Micro-hydropower plants – MHP  Installed power ≤ 10MW means micro-hydropower plant, small hydropower plants and micro-hydropower plants characterized by power of 5:100KW, which can assure enough electric power for a small community or for industry in isolated areas.  They have the same components as a hydropower plant, but can be the most efficient and the cheapest generator of electricity.

Longitudinal profile through a planning scheme MHC.

 Types of MHP: “With accumulation”: justified when a natural or artificial preexistent accumulation is used. For small deposits of water, a polder or a compensation basin can be used..

Storage hydro for MHP

'On the water': uses only water available from the natural flow of the River; the power fluctuates with the flow of the River; individually, does not provide a secure capacity and that connects to an electrical system. It is necessary that the minimum flow of the River to be sufficient for the peak electricity requirements.

o With shunt (long or short): the deviation of the course is necessary to assure a better water fall.

o Kinetic, floating o Small water fall turbines

5. MHP Latorita – an example of a micro-hydropower plant in Romania MHP LATORIŢA

5. MHP Latorita – an example of a micro-hydropower plant in Romania  we chose as an example MHC Latorita, near HPP Lotru – Ciunget;  It is built on river Latorita, tributary to Lotru, with a small accumulation through a compensation basin.  MHP Latorita is a back-up source, independent, providing electric power to HPP Lotru; It works under an automatic regime – connected to the supply network of HPP Ciunget or in an isolated regime - “starting from zero” (when it provides the power necessary to a group for the Ciunget power plant, when this one is switched off from the National Energy System). Assures the sufficient flow of water for cooling down the hydro aggregates of the Ciunget power plant; Assures the evacuation of the surplus of energy on the low tension network (0,4 KV);

 Pictures of the installation components: Latorita caption, with photo: caption threshold, grit, compensation basin; Adduction pipe, with photo: surface, underground horizontal and vertical; Francis Micro-aggregate (A, B, C) Synchronous generator: 400 KVA, 320 KW, 400 V, 50Hz Adjustment system (with a rotation adjuster, hydraulic aggregate as a source of under pressure oil); Control cabinet for the electronic components; Control system with a programmable automat, automatic elements, auxiliary electronic circuits and software program.

LATORIŢA CAPTURE

THE COMPONENTS OF LATORI ŢA CAPTURE  Capture threshold l/s  Grit

The components of capture in the compensation basin  THE Compensation basin

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER AND MHC Latoriţa capture  Horizontal underground supply pipeline.  Underground culvert pipe down

HYDRAULIC TURBINE HYDRAULIC TURBINE Francis Turbine Fig. A Fig. B

MHP LATORIŢA Fig. C

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR synchronous generator synchronous generator type A335 L04

Adjustment system  source of under pressure oil.  hydraulic aggregate

6. MHP Păscoaia II, III and IV– an example of a micro- hydropower plant in Romania Romania hydro developer SC Hidro Este SRL seeks bids for construction of four small hydroelectric projects and bids to supply turbine-generators and other equipment in Romania, project comprising small hydro projects Pascoaia 1, 2, and 3 on the Pascoaia River and Priboiasa 1 on the Priboiasa River in Romania. The work is valued at 38.2 million leu (US$13.2 million).

Pelton turbine ( Păscoaia II) Work costs TOTAL: Lei / euro Building costs: lei / euro

Installed flow rate [%] 100%90%60%50%40%30%20 % Power[kW ] yield ( ή ) [%] Net fallHnet = 239,24 m Maximum flow rate Hnet Qmax = l/s Minimum flow rate la Hnet Qmin = 195 l/s Table. Hidraulic yield

Hydropower sector PASCOAIA III, IV VALCEA CROSSFLOW-TURBINE Work- costs: Total: / euro Building costs: lei/ euro

Installed flow rate [%] 100%90%60%50%40%30%20 % Power[kW ] Yield ( ή ) [%] Net fallHnet = 239,24 m Maximum flow rate Hnet Qmax = l/s Minimum flow rate la Hnet Qmin = 195 l/s

Installed flow rate[%] 100%90%60%30%17% Power [kW] yield ( ή ) [%] Net fall Hnet = m Maximum flow rate Hnet Qmax = l/s Minimul flow rate Hnet Qmin = 969 l/s

Other MHP in România: Târgu Mureş MHP

Francis turbine – Generator asincron, Novaci MHP

MHP – Novaci 2

SCADA Application– Monitoring Novaci MHP

SCADA Application– Monitoring Novaci MHP, general scheme

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