Irony When the actual meaning of something is different from the intended meaning. –The contrast between the intended and actual meaning usually results in a new, surprising, more interesting meaning.

Verbal Irony When someone says one thing, but means something else Example: A man looking out at a thunderstorm says “what a lovely day for a stroll” Sarcasm (verbal irony with intent to cause pain) - Your friend has just stepped into a puddle and you say “Nice Job!”

Situational Irony When the expected result is different from what actually happens (usually in a surprising, opposite, clever, or interesting manner) Ex.- Bill Gates is a college dropout, yet he became a billionaire

Dramatic Irony When the audience knows something that the character in the movie, story, or play doesn’t know. Ex.- horror movies

Key Terms for Rebellion Underlying vs Proximate Causes –Underlying causes are deep-seated conditions or problems a group of people experience Often systemic Often simmering Often numerous, small individually but can layer one upon another –Proximate causes are immediate triggers or sparks that ignite the general unrest in a group of people and cause them to rebel or revolt against authority