Georgia State Standard  SB2f – Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, & agriculture. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Precursors to Genetic Engineering Genetics and Biotechnology  Throughout history, humans have found ways to ____________ the ____________ of organisms, all of which lead to what we call ____________ ____________today. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

 The process by which ____________ traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called ____________ ____________. Precursors: Selective Breeding Genetics and Biotechnology German shepherd Service dog Husky Sled dog Saint Bernard Rescue dog 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Precursors: Hybridization Genetics and Biotechnology  Hybrid organisms can be ____________ to be more disease-___________, to produce ____________ offspring, or to grow ____________.  A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is time consuming and ____________. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Precursors: Inbreeding Genetics and Biotechnology  The process in which two ____________ ____________organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations  ____________ breeds are ____________ by inbreeding.  A disadvantage of inbreeding is that ____________ recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations.  Ex: Dog breeds are kept pure by inbreeding 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

 A ____________ ____________involves breeding an organism that has the ____________ genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait. Genetics and Biotechnology Precursors: Test Cross 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetic Engineering  Technology that involves ____________ the ____________ of one organism in order to ____________ the DNA of ____________ organism, called exogenous DNA. Genetics and Biotechnology 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetically engineered organisms are used Genetics and Biotechnology  to study the expression of a particular gene.  to investigate cellular processes.  to study the development of a certain ____________.  to select traits that might be ____________ to humans. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Genetically engineered bollworm Chapter 13

DNA Tools Genetics and Biotechnology  An organism’s ____________ is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.  DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate genes from the rest of the genome. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology  Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful tools for ____________ specific genes or regions of the genome. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13 DNA Tools: ____________ ____________  recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and ____________ the DNA within the sequence.

Genetics and Biotechnology DNA Tools: Gel Electrophoresis  An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called ____________ ____________.  When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.  The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Gel Electrophoresis Cont’d  The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for ____________ of people. This is called ____________ ____________. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Gel electrophoresis Chapter 13

DNA Fingerprinting Example

Genetics and Biotechnology DNA Tools: Recombinant DNA  A newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called ____________ ____________. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Recombinant DNA Cont’d  Recombinant DNA is used in ____________ to mass produce human ____________ for diabetics and to clean up ____________ ____________.  Recombinant DNA is used in ____________ to mass produce a human ____________ to treat ____________ ____________. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Used to __________ a DNA sample for any scientific investigation including __________ analysis and __________ testing PCR takes approximately _____ hours. This automated process bypasses the need to use bacteria for amplifying DNA. DNA Tools:

DNA Tools: Cloning / / Cloning - Using the DNA of one organism to create and identical ____________ Steps: –Isolate ____________ cells (from who you will be cloning) –Remove ____________ from donor egg –____________ nucleus from donor cells into donor egg – ____________ cell division –____________ embryo into surrogate mother –____________ organism will be born

Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Organisms  Organisms that have been genetically engineered by ____________ one or more ____________ from another organism. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Animals  Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological ____________, often to study the function of different traits.  Commonly used animals - Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13

Genetics and Biotechnology Transgenic Plants  Biologists use DNA technology to produce plants with many desirable traits.  Genetically engineered cotton resists ____________ infestation of the bolls.  Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a ____________ that could kill most of the African harvest.  Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could ____________ malnutrition. 13.1& 13.2 DNA Technology Chapter 13