 Protestant Reformation began with the question of – What must I do to be saved?  Began by Martin Luther  Luther’s ideas about the path to salvation was different than the Catholic church’s  Luther splits with the church -> destroys the religious unity of western Christendom  Reformation spreads rapidly

1. Born in Germany in Father wanted him to be a lawyer 3. Caught in storm -> decides to become a monk 4. Obsessed with the idea of salvation 5. Earns a doctorate in the bible -> becomes a professor of theology at Wittenberg 6. Luther arrives at the answer to his obsession = faith and faith alone

 Catholic church -> justification by faith + justification by good works  Luther -> justification by faith and faith alone  The bible -> the chief guide to religious truth  The pillars of the Protestant Reformation 1. Justification by faith 2. The bible as the highest authority on religious questions

 INDULGENCES = purchased to reduce time in purgatory  New campaign to sell indulgences -> to pay for the building of St. Peter’s Basilica  JOHANN TETZEL -> led the efforts to sell indulgences in Germany “When the coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.” Johan Tetzel

 THE 95 THESES  THE LEIPZIG DEBATE  1520 Luther calls on the German Princes to overthrow the papacy and establish a reformed church in Germany  Attacked monasticism and called by clerical marriage  Faith not good works  1521 Luther is excommunicated from the church

 THE DIET = the german parliament  WORMS = city where the imperial diet was held  CHARLES V = the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor  The emperor orders Luther to appear at the Diet of Worms -> expected to recant -> refuses to recant = “Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.”  THE EDICT OF WORMS = Emperor Charles V declares Luther to be outlaw and orders his arrest

 The Edict of Worms was a decree issued on 25 May 1521 by Emperor Charles V, declaring:Emperor Charles V  For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, where upon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work.

 Prince Frederick the Wise protects and hides Luther  Luther begins to organize his reformed church  Lutheranism had great appeal in Germany and spreads rapidly  Debates  Use of pamphlets and woodcut images  Use of music -> “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God” = the battle hymn of the Protestant Reformation

 Christian Humanists reject Luther and Lutheranism  The GERMAN PEASANT’S REVOLT -> begins in the mid 1520’s -> Luther’s spiritual revolt influences a secular social revolt  “Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants” -> pamphlet by Luther condemning the peasant’s revolt

 The 7 Sacraments -> Luther rejects five of them -> kept baptism and the Lord’s Supper  Transubstantiation -> rejects the transformation of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ  “priesthood of all believers”  The role of the state in protestant churches  Replacement of the Catholic Mass  Luther marries Katherina von Bora, a former nun