Vertical Scope of the Firm What are the appropriate vertical boundaries of the firm?

VERTICALPRODUCTGEOGRAPHICAL AREAS SINGLE FIRM SEVERAL SPECIALIZED FIRMS V1V2V3V1V2V3 V1V1 V2V2 V3V3 P 1 P 2 P 3 A 1 A 2 A 3 P1P1 P1P1 P1P1 A1A1 A2A2 A3A3 The Scope of the Firm In relation to each dimension of scope, the basic issue is relative efficiency of the single firm compared with several specialist firms. Common Issue: What are transactions costs of markets compared with administrative/governance costs of the firm? Source: Robert M. Grant, Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 2005

Vertical integration (VI) is a firm’s ownership of vertically related activities. Vertical integration can occur in 2 directions: Backward Integration (producing own inputs) Forward Integration (disposing of own outputs) Source: Robert M. Grant, Contemporary Strategy Analysis, Blackwell, 2005 Defining Vertical Integration

Benefits of Vertical Integration Economies of combined operations Economies of internal control and coordination Assure supply or demand Better quality control and coordination Protect proprietary technology Gain access to information Avoid costs of dealing with the market Gain (or offset) market power Source: Robert M. Grant, Contemporary Strategy Analysis, Blackwell, 2005

The Costs of Vertical Integration Differences between stages in optimal scale of operation Managing strategically different businesses Agency costs Higher capital investment Reduced Flexibility in responding to demand uncertainty in responding to changes in technology, customer preferences, etc. Foreclose access to outside information/technology Reduced incentives Costs of bureaucratic hierarchy Source: Robert M. Grant, Contemporary Strategy Analysis, Blackwell, 2005

Benefits of the Market Informational efficiencies i.e. price mechanisms and decentralized decision-making Powerful incentive mechanisms i.e. better alignment self-interested behavior and incentives Source: Collis and Montgomery, Corporate Strategy, 1997

Costs of the Market: Transaction Costs and Market Failures Market relationships fail when they are subject to: Opportunism (lying, cheating, stealing, acting self-interestedly) Asset specificity (small numbers) ( Location specificity, physical asset specificity, and human asset specificity) Uncertainty (inability to predetermine all future eventualities) Source: Collis and Montgomery, Corporate Strategy, 1997

The Choice between Market and Hierarchy BENEFITS COSTS MARKETHIERARCHY Informational Efficiencies High-Powered Incentives Transaction Costs Market Power Authority Coordination Bureaucracy Agency theory Source: Collis and Montgomery, Corporate Strategy, 1997

How many firms are there in the The fewer the companies, the greater vertically related activity? the attraction of VI. Do transactions-specific investments The greater the requirements for need to be made by either party? specific investments, the more attractive is VI. Does limited availability of informationThe greater the difficulty of specifying provide opportunities to the contracting and monitoring contracts, the greater firm to behave opportunistically (i.e., the advantages of VI. cheat)? Are market transactions subject to taxes VI is attractive if it can circumvent and regulations? taxes and regulations. How much uncertainty exists with regard Uncertainty raises the costs of writing to the circumstances prevailing over the and monitoring contracts, and period of the contracts? provides opportunities for cheating, therefore increasing the attractiveness of VI. Source: Robert M. Grant, Contemporary Strategy Analysis, Blackwell, 2005 Factors that are important in determining the merits of vertical integration compared to market transactions

How uncertain is market demand?The greater the demand uncertainty-- the more costly is VI. Are the two stages similar in terms ofThe greater the dissimilarity in scale- the optimal scale of operations? the more difficult is VI. How strategically similar are the differentThe greater the strategic dissimilarity stages in terms of key success factors the more difficult is VI. and the resources and capabilities required for success? Does VI increase risk through requiring The heavier the investment heavy investments in multiple stages requirements and the greater the and compounding otherwise independent risks at each independent risk factors? stage --the more risky is VI. Source: Robert M. Grant, Contemporary Strategy Analysis, Blackwell, 2005 Factors that are important in determining the merits of vertical integration compared to market transactions

Designing Vertical Relationships: Long-Term Contracts and Quasi-Vertical Integration Intermediate between spot transactions and vertical integration are several types of vertical relationships --such relationships may combine benefits of both market transactions and internalization Key issues in designing vertical relationships -- How is risk allocated between the parties? -- Are the incentives appropriate? Source: Robert M. Grant, Contemporary Strategy Analysis, Blackwell, 2005

Recent Trends in Vertical Relationships (US) From competitive contracting to supplier partnerships (e.g. auto industry). From vertical integration to outsourcing (not just components, also IT, distribution, and administrative services). Diffusion of franchising Technology partnerships Inter-firm networks. General conclusion: Boundaries between firms and markets becoming increasingly blurred. Source: Robert M. Grant, Contemporary Strategy Analysis, Blackwell, 2005

Steps in Determining the Vertical Scope of Firm Step 1: Disaggregate the Industry Value Chain Step 2: Competitive Advantage –Do you have a competitive advantage in the performance of the activity? Step 3: Market Failure –Is there a clear market failure? Are the costs of market governance extremely high? Can dominant firms exercise market power? Step 4: Need for Coordination –Is there an ongoing need for intensive coordination? Are continual and integrated changes required? Is there a distinct interface between activities? Source: Collis and Montgomery, Corporate Strategy, 1997

Steps (cont’d) Step 5: Importance of Incentives –How high are agency costs inside the hierarchy? How much do worker skill and effort affect outcomes? Can an effective incentive scheme be designed? Which is more important: coordination or high-powered incentives? Source: Collis and Montgomery, Corporate Strategy, 1997

(1) In determining whether activities should be internal or external: Summary: Creating Value in Vertical Activities (2) In coordinating these activities along the value chain: External Customer Internal Activities External Supplier Be Better Than Competitors

Ross Perot to GM Management: “You don’t need to own a dairy to buy milk.” General Conclusion