Cancer and its Relationship with Diet By: Ashley Rounds

Interesting Facts about Cancer  Red wine contains an antioxidant called resveratrol that can decrease cancer cell growth.  Coffee intake is associated with a decline in breast cancer risk.  People with a BMI over 25 are twice as likely to develop colon cancer.  Nitrites are chemical additives used to preserve and add flavoring to most lunch meats, including cold cuts and hot dogs. Once in the body, they react with body chemicals and turn into cancer-causing carcinogens.  Americans eat more than 20 billion hot dogs per year.

Overview  Recently Discussed  Cancer definition  Types of cancers  Dimensions of prevention  Foods that Promote  Foods that Prevent  Objectives  EPIC  Fruit and vegetables cancer risk study  Meat, eggs and dairy products cancer risk study  Vegetarians cancer risk study  C.A.N.C.E.R. F.O.O.D. F.I.G.H.T.

10 Minute Overview  Definition of cancer  Types of cancer  Types of Tumors  Dimensions of cancer  Staging of cancer  Treatments  Food that prevent and promote cancer

Cancer  Abnormal cells  Divide uncontrollably  Metastasis

Types of Cancer  Carcinoma -skin -tissues  Sarcoma -bones -fat -muscles  Leukemia -blood forming tissue  Lymphoma -cells of immune system

Dimensions of Cancer Prevention  Physical environment -climate, land use, agriculture  Economics -globalization -increase in processed foods  Social -culture -religion -family/schools  Personal -knowledge -attitude/beliefs

Foods that Promote Cancer  Processed meat  Foods high in fat  Alcohol  Sugar

Foods that Prevent Cancer  Salmon  Fruit and vegetables  Fibrous foods  Mushrooms and black beans

Objectives 1. What is EPIC? 2. What tools does EPIC use to conduct their studies? 3. Three facts on C.A.N.C.E.R. F.O.O.D. F.I.G.H.T.

EPIC  European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition  23 centers  10 European Countries: - Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.  Food frequency questionnaires, diet history questionnaires, and interviews.

EPIC’s Advantages  Multiple populations  Large size- increased study power  Variation in diets -Mediterranean to western

Fruit, vegetables, and colorectal cancer risk: EPIC  High consumption of fruit and vegetables  Possible link to colorectal cancer  ~452 thousand 

Fruit, Vegetables, and Colorectal Cancer risk CountryTotal ParticipantsColorectal Cancer Cases Denmark55, France67, Germany49, Italy44, Netherlands36, Norway35, Spain40, Sweden48, United Kingdom75,526455

Study Conclusion  A higher consumption of fruit and vegetables can protect against colorectal cancer.  Smokers showed to have if any, a positive association.

Meat, eggs, dairy products and risk of breast cancer: EPIC  ~319 thousand women  Ages   Part of a western diet  Dietary and lifestyle questions

Women and breast cancer cases CountryTotal ParticipantsBreast Cancer Cases Denmark28, France63, Germany27, Italy12, Netherlands30, Norway33, Spain24, Sweden24, United Kingdom48, Total:319,

Study Conclusion  No consistent association found  High processed meat – modest increase  Butter consumption – increase limited to premenopausal women  Continued studies in role of high temperature cooked meats

Cancer incidence in vegetarians: EPIC  ~63 thousand  32% vegetarians  United Kingdom  1990’s  Questionnaires: -Do you eat meat? -Do you eat fish? -Do you eat dairy products? -Do you eat eggs?

Cancer incidence in vegetarians vs. non-vegetarians CancerStandardized Ratios in Non-vegetarians Standardized Ratios in Vegetarians Stomach Cancer5313 Colorectal Cancer84102 Cancer of Pancreas 6785 Lung Cancer3426 Breast Cancer10790 Ovarian Cancer10294 Prostate Cancer129106

Study Conclusion  Intakes of milk were higher in meat eaters  Overall incidence of all cancers in vegetarians was less than in meat eaters.  Incidence of colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer was higher in vegetarians than in meat eaters.

C.A.N.C.E.R. F.O.O.D. F.I.G.H.T.  Acronym  Society of Gynecologic Nurse Oncologists  2010  Prevention tips

C.A.N.C.E.R.  C-Concentrate on a plant based diet -nuts, grains, vegetables -high in phytonutrients  A-Avoid alcohol -1 drink a day -5% increase  N-No smoking -increase in lung and mouth cancer  C-Carefully prepare and store foods -stomach cancer decrease  E-Exercise -Protects cancer recurrence -decrease colon, lung, breast cancer -decrease output of estrogen -burn calories = maintain body weight  R-Read and review new and alternative therapies -Soy- help prevent prostate cancer, high doses linked to breast cancer -Flax seed- high fiber, fight breast cancer in elderly women

F.O.O.D.  F-Fruits and vegetables are # 1! -decreased risk in most cancers -mushrooms, apples, tomatoes, onions, garlic  O-Okay for some supplements -1 a day supplements -antioxidant supplements not recommended  O-Okay for some Herbs -Common : cats claw, milk thistle, saw palmetto  D-Drink plenty of fluids -decreased breast cancer risk -tea-inhibits enzymes that activate cancer cells

F.I.G.H.T.  F-Fight Fats -high fat diet = risk of colon cancer -Omega 3 reduce tumor growth -avoid grilling at high temperatures  I- Increase fiber -protect cells from carcinogens -help with weight control  G- Go for Grains - Whole grain- fiber and B Vitamin found in bran  H-Healthy Weight - excess can increase risk of all cancers  T-Tempt your taste buds - cook at home -invest in cook books

Summary  A higher consumption of fruit and vegetables can protect against colorectal cancer.  High processed meat – modest increase in breast cancer.  Incidence of colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer was higher in vegetarians than in meat eaters.

Video from Healthology  y03GZ-Y y03GZ-Y

Quiz  What is EPIC?  What tools does EPIC use to conduct their studies?  Three facts on C.A.N.C.E.R. F.O.O.D. F.I.G.H.T.

References  Society of Gynecologic Nurse Oncologists “Fighting Cancer with Food and Nutrition”  European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition “Cancer incidence in vegetarians” “Meat, eggs, dairy products and risk of breast cancer” ‘Fruit, Vegetables, and colorectal cancer risk” “Diet and Cancer: Where we are, Where we are going”  International Agency for Research on Cancer. France. “Diet and breast cancer”  Nutrition Reviews “Evaluation the links between intake of milk/dairy products and cancer”

Questions