Instructional Design in the 1960’s and 1970’s Carol Cheng Belen Garcia Constance Harris

Discussion Media Key People and Theories Questions

1960’s and 1970’s

Educational broadcasting (1960s) Closed-circuit television system used in: Washington county Maryland Junior college in Chicago Airborne Instruction Midwest Program 170 million spent until the 60s (Gordon, 1970) Ford Foundation started supporting PBT in 1963 (Blakely, 1979) School districts discontinued use due to lack of funding (Tyler, 1975) Instructional television shifted to cultural programming (Hezel, 1980)

Audiovisual movement (AV): “branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily during the design and use of messages that control the learning process” Educational technology as media to provide the students with information. Developers had little interest in the communication process model during the 60s (Shannon & Weaver, 1949)

Evolution of Computers Mainframe systems for programming/shared utilities (1960s) Mainframe minicomputers systems for schools used in large scale(1970s) Desktop computers (1970s) Xerox – Mouse (1973) IBM discontinued IBM 1500 (1975) - CAI) Laser Printer Developed

Changing Field Definitions (1960’s – 1970’s) James Finn (1963) -Instructional technology Arthur Luehrman (1970s)- Computer literacy Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) (Dept of Audiovisual instruction): placed emphasis on online and computer systems as “media” Commission on Instructional Technology (Saettler, 1970): “ the media born of the communication revolution which can be used for instructional purposes…” and “systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching …”

Computers and Instruction: Educational computing (instructional/admin support) Computers used in the classrooms (1960s) Programmers created applications (1960s) Educators started researching/developing computer applications (1970s) Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Software publishing movement

Companies that Started: During the 1960s Electronic Data Systems (EDS) California Analysis Center, Inc. (CACI) Management Science America (MSA) During the 1970s Microsoft Software Arts Estimated 45 major software companies by 1965 Programming languages used: COBOL and FORTRAN

CAI systems (1960s) : Applications in public schools and universities PLATO (Control Data Corporation) Tutor CAI authoring language TICCIT (Brigham Young University) Interest in CAI vanished by end of the 70s (Atkinson & Suppes)

1960’s and 1970’s

Highlights The Programmed Instruction Movement B. F. Skinner Behavioral Objectives Robert Mager Criterion-Referenced Test Robert Glaser The Systems Approach Robert M. Gagne (Hierarchy) Michael Scriven (Evaluation)

The Programmed Instruction Movement B.F. Skinner ’s The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching Picture Credit: Learner Focus “Start Small” Content is arranged in “Frames” Goal: Shape Complex Academic Skills

Individualized Approaches To Instruction Keller Plan (1963) Individually Prescribed Instruction (1964) Program for Learning in Accordance with Needs (PLAN) (1967) Individual Focus Mastery of Learning Planned Instructional Sequences Lectures/Demos Demonstrations

Preparing Objectives for Programmed Behavior Dr. Robert F. Mager - (1962) Criterion Based Instruction Objectives Encompass: Learner Behavior Focus Initiative Competencies Conditions Evaluation Picture Credit: If you're not sure where you are going, you're liable to end up someplace else. Credit:

Robert Glaser (1963) Criterion – Reference vs. Norm Reference Testing Does Everyone Test the Same? Assess individual abilities

Cognitive Sciences and Psychology Jean Piaget (1969) Children’s Knowledge Physical knowledge knowledge about objects in the world Logical-Mathematical Knowledge Abstract Social Knowledge Cultural Knowledge Assimilation, Accommodation, and Equilibrium Source: Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

The Conditions of Learning 1965 Hierarchy of Learning (Instructional Task Analysis) 1. Identify and Master Subordinate Skills 2. Master More Complex Skills Picture Credit:

Gagne Five Learning Outcomes (Students) Verbal Information Intellectual Skills Psychomotor Skills Attitudes Cognitive Strategies

Gagne Nine Events of Instruction 1. Gaining Attention 2. Informing Learners of Objective 3. Stimulating Recall of Prior Learning 4. Presenting the Stimulus 5. Providing learning guidance 6. Eliciting Performance 7. Providing Feedback 8. Assessing Performance 9. Enhancing Retention and Transfer Source: Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of learning for instruction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Formative Evaluation Michael Scriven (1967) Sputnik (1957) $$$ Spent on Educational Materials Formative Evaluation Pilot Before Summative Evaluation Examine After Picture Credit: Involve the learners in the learning process

The Systems Approach

Systems Approach 1970’s Improve Performance Military Academia Industry

What's In A Name? Instructional Design System Development Systematic Instruction Instructional Systems Task Analysis Objective Specification Criterion Referenced Testing

Stages In A Project SDLC Instructional Design Project planning, feasibility study Systems analysis, requirements definition Systems design Implementation Integration and testing Acceptance, installation, deployment Maintenance Analysis Define the Problem Design Analyze Instructional Solutions Development Generate Materials Implementation Delivery of Instruction Formative Evaluation Summative Evaluation Evaluation Evaluate Effectiveness and Efficiency &articleId=