Unit 7 EARLY ROME

ROMAN ORIGINS FOUNDING OF ANCIENT ROME http://www.youtube.com/watch?v =7aLsXEqPX0Q Romulus and Remus “Hut of Romulus” Ancestors of the Trojans… Why did the Romans attach themselves to Troy?

Roman Beginnings Carthage – 800 B.C. Rome – 753 B.C. Syracuse – 734 B.C.

Early History Founded in 753 B.C. Etruscans to the North, Greeks in the South Weak historical evidence exists, much attributed to Livy He wrote to glorify the Roman Republic during its fall Annales maximi – yearly posting of important events. These are unfortunately lost, so were are unsure how accurate the history is

Roman Names Praenomen – First Name Nomen gentilicium – Family Name Cognomen – Surname Gaius Julius Caesar - Belongs to the family Julia, nicknamed Caesar Women would only have one name, the feminine version of the family name…. M. Tullius Cicero’s Daughter - Tulia

Who were the Romans? Viewed their ancestors as outcasts and ethnically mixed VERSION 1: Romulus granted land and citizenship to criminal Rape of the Sabine women VERSION 2: Ancestors of Aeneas, a Trojan hero. Wandered to Italy after the fall of Troy and married a Latin princess

GEOGRAPHY

FROM VILLAGE TO CITY Huts on the Palatine hill date to 1000 B.C. Forum – Drained and paved in about 650 B.C. Open, public space What does this compare to? About 500 B.C. – wealthy moving to the palatine hill

The Etruscans Not sure where they came from Probably developed from the Villanovan culture First iron age civilization in Italy Developed urbanization, stone houses, public architecture, and anthropomorphic religion

Government and Society in the Early Republic “Seven Kings of Rome” Expelled in 510 B.C. “Res publica” – the public matter

The Ruling Class Assembly – all citizens voted Consuls – two chief magistrates, elected every year Why? Senate – advise magistrates; “council of elders” They were families descendent from the kings of Rome Comitia centuriata – “centuriate assembly”; most important assembly Made up of wealthy soldiers; overruled the poorer classes Included a lot of cavalry Military exploits were important Patron-client relationship

The Ruling Class Imperium – signified power to command the army, condemn people to death Had civil, judicial, and military aspect Could only be used OUTSIDE of the city; unless for a triumph Very important – keep this in mind when we discuss Julius Caesar! Symbol of imperium was the fasces Bundle of sticks surrounding an axe Fascist is derived from this term Praetor – public judge; name for consuls prior to their establishment Judicial power lay in the hands of the highest ranking men

The Ruling Class Quaestors – financial officials; Censors – recorded population for citizenship; primarily for military service Also had power over senatorial membership The Senate technically had no legal authority All they could do was SUGGEST legislation Over time, this began to carry a lot of weight Often the committees would not pass legislation without the recommendation of the Senate

Twelve Tables First public statement of Roman law 471 B.C. – concilium plebis, “council of the plebs” After 342 B.C. one consul was always a plebian 172 B.C. – both consuls were plebs for the first time Plebeians slowly began to integrate themselves Novus Homo – “new man” First of the family to achieve a magistracy Dictator – absolute authority; elected temporarily in times of need

Rome’s Expansion 396 B.C. - Latins banded together, defeated Veii First professional army ever; men were paid a stipend for their service Only those with land were eligible for the army Poor citizens used the scutum

Cincinnatus 519-430 B.C. Dictator of Rome twice Model of virtue, civic leadership, humility and lack of personal ambition Cincinnati, Ohio is named after him

Sack of Rome 390 B.C. – sacked by the Gauls Most likely on their way to Syracuse EFFECT: Potentially destroyed a TON of ancient Roman historical sources

Rome’s Expansion 343-290 B.C. - Samnite Wars Continued to expand, made peace with neighboring peoples Created a Commonwealth of allies

Roman Governance/Military Appian Way – road from Rome to Capua Rome ruled liberally; primarily were interested in soldiers Extended citizenship to some conquered peoples, but not others Legion – approx. 5,000 men Century – approx. 90 men Maniple – about 120-160 men Approx. two centuries

Pyrrhic War 280-275 B.C. Rome is attacked south of Tarentum Greeks call upon Pyrrhus of Epirus This is the first time Rome is fighting a Hellenistic army Pyrrhus wins successive battles, but eventually loses the war EFFECT: Rome now controls the entire Italian Peninsula! “Pyrrhic Victory” What major issue does this illustrate about fighting the Roman Republic?