Unit 02 The Chemical Basis of Life

2.1 Introduction

2.1: Introduction What do you think of when you hear the word chemistry? Think and Share

2.1: Introduction Write Chemistry The composition of matter and how it changes.

2.2 Structure of Matter

2.2: Structure of Matter Write Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space Mass – A measure of how much matter is in an object Volume The amount of space taken up by matter

2.2: Structure of Matter

Write Density Ratio of Mass and Volume

Which box has more density? 2.2: Structure of Matter

Which cube is more dense?  2.2: Structure of Matter

2.2 Structure of Matter Elements and Atoms

2.2: Structure of Matter  Elements and Atoms Write Element Any material that can’t be broken down into a more fundamental substance

2.2: Structure of Matter  Elements and Atoms

Read There are 118 known elements 20 of these elements make up the human body

2.2: Structure of Matter  Elements and Atoms Read

I am mostly made up of…. 2.2: Structure of Matter  Elements and Atoms

Read The type of element is determined by the type of atom. Do you remember the structure of an atom?

Draw an Atom 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure

2.2: Structure of Matter  Elements and Atoms Write Atom The basic unit of matter The type of atom determines the type of element

2.2 Structure of Matter Atomic Structure

2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure Read An atom is composed of three particles Proton (+)Neutron (N)Electron (e-) 0

2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure Write Proton Subatomic particle with a positive (+) charge Neutron Subatomic Particle with no charge (N) Electron Subatomic Particle with a negative charge (-)

Nucleus Center of an atom Made up of Protons and Neutrons Contains most of the mass N0N0 N0N0 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure Write P+P+ P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 P+P+ P+P+ P+P+ P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 Nucleus

Electron Shell An orbit around the nucleus Electrons can be found on electron shells Electrons on the outermost electron shell are called valence electrons N0N0 N0N0 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure Write and draw P+P+ P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 P+P+ P+P+ P+P+ P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 Valence Electron Normal electron Electron Shells e-

Each electron shell can hold a certain amount of electrons 1 st electron shell = 2 electrons 2 nd electron shell = 8 electrons 3 rd electron shell = 8 electrons 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure Write and draw e- 1st 2nd3rd

Label the Parts of an Atom N0N0 N0N0 P+P+ P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 P+P+ P+P+ P+P+ P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 e- Practice 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure

Write Balanced Atom Protons = Neutron = Electron Isotope Protons = Electrons More or less Neutrons than protons Ion Protons = Neutrons More or less electrons than protons Creates a positive or negative charge

Medical Isotopes Video 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure Watch

Isotope Video Radioactive tracers: Isotopes: 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure Watch

Element Name Atomic Number (Number of Protons) Element Symbol Atomic Mass (Avg. Weight) Write

2.2: Structure of Matter  Elements and Atoms Practice

2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure Write The type of atom is determined by the Atomic Number (# of protons)

P+P+ e-e- Protons = 1 Neutrons = 0 Electrons = 1 Circle the element this atom will make. Write the element name under the atom. 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure

Protons = 2 Neutrons = 2 Electrons = 2 P+P+ e-e- N0N0 e-e- P+P+ N0N0 Circle the element this atom will make. Write the element name under the atom. 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure

Protons = 6 Neutrons = 6 Electrons = 6 P+P+ e-e- N0N0 e-e- P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 P+P+ e-e- N0N0 P+P+ e-e- e-e- e-e- P+P+ P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 Circle the element this atom will make. Write the element name under the atom. 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure

Protons = 8 Neutrons = 8 Electrons = 8 P+P+ e-e- e-e- P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 P+P+ e-e- N0N0 P+P+ e-e- e-e- e-e- P+P+ P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 N0N0 e-e- P+P+ N0N0 N0N0 P+P+ e-e- e-e- e-e- Circle the element this atom will make. Write the element name under the atom. 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure

Write Mass Number The weight of the atom Proton mass + Neutron Mass Electrons have very little mass so we don’t count them Not on periodic table of elements

Write 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure

Write Formulas: protonsAtomic number To find protons  Look at the Atomic number Neutronsmass number atomic number To find Neutrons  mass number - atomic number chargeprotons To find electrons  electrons = charge - protons 12 (1 – 11 = -10)

Protons:___________ Neutrons:__________ Electrons:___________ Protons:___________ Neutrons:__________ Electrons:___________ Protons:___________ Neutrons:__________ Electrons:___________ 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure Practice

15 protons, 16 neutrons, and 18 electrons __________ 56 protons, 82 neutrons, and 54 electrons _________ 13 protons, 14 neutrons, and 10 electrons __________ 2.2: Structure of Matter  Atomic Structure Draw the Isotopic Symbol for the following P Ba Al Atomic # = Protons Mass # = Protons + Neutrons Charge = Protons - Electrons Practice

2.2 Structure of Matter Bonding of Atoms + Molecules and Compounds Write

2.2: Structure of Matter  Bonding of Atoms Write Chemical Bonding an attraction between atoms that causes them to bind and create molecules

2.2: Structure of Matter  Bonding of Atoms Write Molecule Two or more atoms joined together chemically Compound A molecule that contains at least two different elements.

Molecule Compound Compounds are a type of molecule. All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. 2.1: Structure of Matter  Molecules and Compounds Write

2.2: Structure of Matter  Bonding of Atoms Write e- e-e-

2.2: Structure of Matter  Bonding of Atoms Write Octet Rule atoms create chemical bonds to achieve an octet (8) of electrons in their outer most electron shell

2.2: Structure of Matter  Bonding of Atoms Write Two ways to obtain an octet: Ionization Transfer of electrons Sharing

2.2: Structure of Matter  Bonding of Atoms Write Ionization Occurs when an atom gives away or receives an electron causing it to turn into an ion.

Cl 17 Na 11 Na is going to donate an electron to Cl. This fills Cl’s energy level and drops Na back to a full energy level. Because of the number of electrons is no longer the same as the protons there is a negative and positive charge. Read and Watch Watch

Ionic Bond Transfering electrons creates ions. Oppositely charged ions are attracted to one another (opposites attract). This attraction is an ionic bond. Read and Watch

Covalent Bonds Read and Watch Sharing Electrons. Both atoms obtain 8 electrons in their outer electron shell.

Chemical Bond Video /chemicalbonds.htm /chemicalbonds.htm 2.2: Structure of Matter  Bonding of Atoms Watch

2.2: Structure of Matter  Bonding of Atoms Write Two types of Covalent Bonds: Non-polar Covalent Bonds equally Electrons are shared equally Results in a non-polar molecule Molecule does not have poles Polar Covalent Bonds unequally Electrons are shared unequally Results in a polar molecule Molecules have positive and negative poles

Let’s Make Water O H H Watch

O HH Positive Pole Negative Pole Watch

Listen

Polar Molecules Non-Polar Molecules Listen

2.1: Introduction Write Polar Molecule A molecule that has positive and negative poles due to uneven sharing of electrons. Created by polar covalent bonds. Nonpolar Molecules A molecule that is neutral. Created by nonpolar covalent bonds.

Hydrogen Bond Read and Watch A bond formed between two polar molecules. A positive pole is attracted to a negative pole.

Listen

2.2: Structure of Matter  Bonding of Atoms Write Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Hydrogen Bond transfers One atom transfers (gives or takes) an electron to fill its outer energy level (ionization). The ions created from this transfer attract and form an ionic bond. share Two atoms share electrons to fill their electron shells Two polar molecules bond together due to +/- charges Three Types of Chemical Bonds

2.2 Structure of Matter Formulas

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Molecular Formula Represents the numbers and types of atoms in a molecule H2OH2O CO 2 O2O2 HCO 3 - Ca +2 CO 3 -2 C 6 H 12 O 6 Cl - Mg +2 K+K+ Na + SO 4 -2

CO : Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Number of Elements Overall Charge

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Structural Formulas Represents how the atoms are bonded together 1 bond2 bonds 3 Bonds4 Bonds N

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write

2.2 Structure of Matter Chemical Reactions

2.1: Structure of Matter  Chemical Reactions Write Chemical Reactions The rearrangement of atoms from one arrangement to another. Law of Conservation of Mass matter is not created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction.

6H 2 O 6CO 2 6O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 +  + + ATP + Heat Water Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Glucose +  + + ATP + Heat

Write Chemical Formula a representation of a chemical reaction Reactants Products 6H 2 O 6CO 2 6O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 +  + + ATP + Heat (aq) 2.1: Structure of Matter  Chemical Reactions

Write Types of chemical reactions Synthesis: A + B  AB Decomposition: AB  A + B Exchange Reaction: AB + CD  AD + CB Reversible Reaction: A + B AB

2.1: Structure of Matter  Chemical Reactions Write Exothermic Reactions a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat. Example: Aerobic Respiration

2.1: Structure of Matter  Chemical Reactions Write Endothermic Reactions Chemical reaction that absorbs heat or light Example: Photosynthesis Water Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Glucose +  + + ATP + 6H 2 O 6CO 2 6O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 +  + ATP + Sunlight +

2.1: Structure of Matter  Chemical Reactions Write Activation Energy minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur All chemical reactions have an activation energy. Catalyst Particular atoms or molecules (usually an enzyme) that can change the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy

Activation Energy Energy Energy Needed to Break bonds Lactase Enzyme GLU GAL GLU GAL Lactose 2.1: Structure of Matter  Chemical Reactions

Write

2.2 Structure of Matter Acids and Bases

2.1: Structure of Matter  Acids and Bases Write Solution Solute + Solvent Solute: Substance that is dissolved Solvent: Substance that dissolves the solute (usually water) Some compounds release ions when they dissolve in water. NaCl  Na + + Cl -

2.1: Structure of Matter  Acids and Bases Write Electrolytes Solutions that contain electrically charged particles (ions) and will conduct an electric current Acids and bases are examples of electrolytes

H O Hydroxide Ion (OH - ) Hydronium Ion(H 3 O + )

2.1: Structure of Matter  Acids and Bases Write Acids Electrolytes that release (donate) hydrogen ions (H + ) HCL (hydrochloric acid)  H + + Cl - Bases Electrolytes that release hydroxide ions (OH - ) NaOH (sodium hydroxide)  Na + + OH -

2.1: Structure of Matter  Acids and Bases Write pH Measure of the the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

2.1: Structure of Matter  Acids and Bases Write pH Scale pH<7 = acidic (0-6) pH = 7 = neutral (7) pH > 7 = Basic (8-14)

Organ, fluid or membranepHFunction of pH (1) SkinNatural pH is between 4 and 6.5Barrier protection from microbes (2) Urine4.6 to 8.0Limit overgrowth of microbes (3) Gastric1.35 to 3.5Break down protein (4) Bile7.6 to 8.8Neutralize stomach acid, aid in digestion (5) Pancreatic fluid8.8Neutralize stomach acid, aid in digestion (6) Vaginal fluid<4.7Limit overgrowth of opportunistic microbes (7) Cerebrospinal fluid7.3Bathes the exterior of the brain (8) Intracellular fluid6.0–7.2Due to acid production in cells (9) Serum venous7.35Tightly regulated (10) Serum arterial7.4Tightly regulated 2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas

2.1: Structure of Matter  Acids and Bases Write pH indicator Anything that reacts to an acid or base by changing color Litmus Paper Red Cabbage solution Hydrangeas tips/alkaline-diet-real-deal

2.1: Structure of Matter  Acids and Bases Write tips/alkaline-diet-real-deal what-its-summers-hottest-cleanse-trend-t37516

2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells NZSRU

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Organic Compounds Contain both Carbon and Hydrogen Inorganic Compounds Do not contain Carbon and Hydrogen

2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells Inorganic Substances

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Inorganic Substances Water (H2O) Solvent Most metabolic reactions occur in water Oxygen (O2) Needed for cellular respiration Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Waste Salts Provide ions Used for: Metabolic processes Transport Muscle contraction Nerve impulse conduction

2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cells Organic Substances

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Monomer One thing Polymer Many things A polymer is made up of many monomers. MonomerPolymer

H H H H H C C H O H H O C O H C O O C H H C H C H H H H H H O H C C C H O H H O C O H C O O H O

C H H H H H H O H C C C H O H H O C O H C O O H H H H H H C C H O H H O C O H C O O C H H C H O

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Dehydration Synthesis Combining two monomers by taking out a water Hydrolysis Breaking apart two monomers by inserting a water

Which is which? Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Carbohydrates Common Name: Carbs or Sugars Elements Present: CHO Uses By Living Things: Energy and Structure

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Carbohydrates Monomer: Monosaccharide Polymer: Polysaccharide Example Starch Breads Glycogen Energy storage in your muscles Cellulose Gives plants their structure Chitin Exoskeleton of insects MonosaccharidePolysaccharide

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Proteins Common Name: Protein Elements Present: CHON Uses By Living Things: Structure, Transport, Communication, Enzymes

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Proteins Monomer: Amino Acid Polymer: Polypeptide or protein Example Cell Receptors Cellular communication Antibodies Immune system Enzymes Catalyze chemical reactions Amino Acid Polypeptide or Protein

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Nucleic Acid Common Name: DNA and RNA Elements Present: CHONP Uses By Living Things: Information Storage and Transfer

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Listen Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Nucleic Acid Example DNA RNA Nucleotide Polynucleotide or Nucleic Acid

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Nucleic Acid Example DNA RNA Nucleotide Polynucleotide or Nucleic Acid

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Nucleic Acid Example DNA RNA Nucleotide Polynucleotide or Nucleic Acid

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Lipids Common Name: Fat Elements Present: CHO Uses By Living Things: Energy Storage and Insulation

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Lipid Lipids are not macromolecules But they are still made up of parts 1. Glycerol Head 2. Fatty Acid Chains Example Triglycerides Phospholipids Testosterone and Estrogen Glycerol

2.1: Structure of Matter  Formulas Write Glycerol TriglyceridePhospholipid Steroids From left to right: Cholesterol, Testosterone, and Estrogen

Functional Group Structural Formula Name of Compounds CharacteristicsDraw an Example Hydroxyl OHAlcohols Name ends in –ol Polar Can form hydrogen bonds Carbonyl C = O Ketones Soluble in water Found in sugars Carboxyl COOHAcids like vinegar (acetic acid) Polar Soluble in water acidic Amine NH 2 Amino Acids Polar Soluble in Water Sulfahydryl SHAmino Acids Stabilize protein structure Phosphate PO 4 ATP, DNA and RNA Polar Important in cellular energy storage and transfer Methyl CH 3 Methylated Compounds Nonpolar Important in epigenetics C C O O C C O O O H N H OH O H N H H O C N H H S P S H SH O O O-O- O-O- P OH C H H H C H H H