Alternatives to Privatization and Assessing Contracts October 5, 2004

Choosing Between Public and Private Provision 1. Natural Monopolies 2. Decreasing Costs 3. Externalities 4. Inability to Charge Users or to Exclude Nonpayers 5. Merit Goods

Public and Private Sectors as Buyers and Producers Private Sector as Buyer Private Sector as Producer Government as Producer Government as Buyer Compulsory education Law courts Police and armed forces Road construction Schoolbooks Professional services Education Housing Taxi rides Railway transport Water supply Housing

Alternatives to Privatization Back to the Government Government Vending Intergovernmental Agreement Contracts Regulated Franchises

Alternatives to Privatization Grants Vouchers Free Market Consumer Cooperatives Self-Service

The Magic Bullet Influences by: – Government – Business – Foundations – Individuals How do NPOs/NGOs try to counter this? What is value-added by having NPOs/NGOs as producers?

Public-Private Partnerships – More Examples U.S. Government and Faith-Based and Community Initiatives Conservation Coffee Alliance The Role of NGOs in Basic Education in Africa

Types of U.S. Federal Grants Discretionary Grants – awarded by an agency of the Federal government Formula or Block Grants – federal dollars given to states, cities or counties for them to distribute

Discussion from Readings Privatization Grants/contracts with NPOs/NGOs Reinventing Government

Assessing Contracts Logical Framework Logic Model Hierarchy of Results

Uses of Evaluation Judge merit or worth – summative, accountability, audits, accreditation/licensing Improve program – formative, continuous improvement, learning organization, quality improvement, effective management Generate knowledge – generalizations about effectiveness, policy making, scholarly publishing, synthesis of patterns across programs, extrapolation of principles, theory building

The Logical Framework NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS GOAL PURPOSE OUTPUTS INPUTS

Horizontal Logic of the Logframe NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS GOAL PURPOSE COMPONENTS ACTIVITIES

Definitions Logic model: a simple flow diagram of how a program is meant to work Inputs: factors/resources used by programs to conduct activities and achieve objectives Activities/processes: what a program does with its inputs Outputs: products of activities Outcomes: impact of service on participant’s life Outcome indicators: information used to determine if outcome is achieved

PLANNING EVALUATION Focus, Collect data, Analyze and interpret, Report OUTPUTS ACTIVITIES What the program does Products of what it does INPUTS OUTCOMES Programmatic investments or resources Short, intermediate, longer term, impact Logic Model

The Logic Model Resources / Inputs ActivitiesOutputsOutcomesImpact Certain resources are needed to operate your program If you have access to them, then you can use them to accomplish your planned activities If you accomplish your planned activities, then you will hopefully deliver the amount of product and/or service that you intended If you accomplish your planned activities to the extent you intended, then your participants will benefit in specific ways. If these benefits to participants are achieved, then certain longer term changes in beneficiaries’ circumstances, organizations, communities, or systems might be expected to occur Your planned WorkYour Intended Results This chart is adopted from “Logic Model Development Guide”, W.K. Kellogg Foundation, December 2001

Logic Model – Another View Activities Inputs Outputs Outcomes Impacts IF a project has these inputs THEN it can provide these activities. IF a project provides these activities THEN it can produce these outputs. IF a project produces these outputs THEN participants will have these changes in knowledge, attitudes or skills. IF participants have these changes in knowledge, attitudes or skills THEN they will have these changes in being.

Additional References Faith-Based Community Initiatives Pennsylvania Utility Choice Evolving Partnerships: The Role of NGOs in Basic Education in Africa Academy for Education and Development (AED) United States Agency for International Development Teams with Conservation International and Starbucks to Support Coffee Farmers

Logic Model Readings for Next Week W.K. Kellogg Foundation Logic Model Development Guide pages 1-14 The Temporal Logic Model: A Concept Paper Molly den Heyer, International Development and Research Centre of Canada. (July, 2001).