25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 1 NANO-TECH: NEW FRONTIER OF SCIENCE By Dr. Rajeshkumar H. Acharya

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 2 NANOTECHNOLOGY Derives from nanometer, which is one-thousandth of a micrometer (micron), or 10 –9 of a meter The study, manipulation and manufacture of ultra- small structures and machines made of as few as one molecule

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 3 SOME NANOTECHNOLOGY MILESTONES YearsEvents 1959Feyman delivers “Plenty of romms at the bottom”talk 1974First molecular electronic device patent filed 1981Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) invented 1985Buckyballs discovered 1986Atomic force microscope (AFM) invented 1987“Engines of Creation” published 1988Quantization of electrical conductance observed 1991First single-electron transistor created 1993First “designer protein” created 1997Carbon nanotubes discovered 1999First nanotechnology lab in the US 2000DNA-based nanomechanical device created 2001Molecular-scale computer switch created

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5 DEFINITIONS NANOPARTICLE : A collection of tens of thousands of atoms measuring about nanometer in diameter NANOCRYTAL: Used to describe these nanoparticles COLLOIDAL OR COLLOIDAL CRYSTAL: Synthesized nanopartical - dispersed or suspended in a stabilizing medium NANOLAYERS: Arranged or assembled nanoparticles in to ordered layers NANOTUBES: Fullerene-like “chicken-wire” construction of carbon atoms

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 6 IMPORTANT AREAS OF APPICATION Surface functionalisation and refinement: Nanoparticles to conventional coatings yields new and improved nano-based colour effects Examples are: Antireflective surfaces Sunshade glazing Antireflective coating for instrument panels

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 7 Catalysis, chemistry and materials synthesis: Surface active membranes, anoporous (bio) filters and adsorption agents can be optimized form the nanotechnology point of view Biomimetic enzyme-like catalysts which have advantages over enzymes, including use in extreme reaction conditions.

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 8 Energy conversion and use: Enhance the efficiency of energy conversion - e.g. use of naotechnological materials in solar cells and fuel cells Super-condensers with batteries for traction purposes - e.g. storing braking energy in electric cars

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 9 Construction: Improves the mechanical properties, lightweight construction, hardness, wear resistance, high-temperature applications, also in mass applications like plastic casings or cladding Thermal insulation for buildings Façade design Interior

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 10 Nanosensors and actuators: Magnetic field sensors Infrared sensors Chemosensors

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 11 Data processing and transmission: Nanoelectronics in the field of data processing and transmission are electronic, optical and optoelectronic components DNA computing

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 12 Life sciences C hemical analysis and diagnostics, nanotechnological production of active ingredients, precise delivery of active ingredients, and production of biocompatible materials and surfaces Viruses and cell types identification Ultra-small sensors- external stresses and the physiological state of the organism Nanomachines

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 13 Security and defence: Unmanned and autonomous systems, improved weapons, and innovative materials in air, sea and space could be further reinforced by nanotechnology Nanoscale powders for use in propellants and explosives, enhancing the energy yield and speed of explosion

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 14 Automotive industry:  Nanoparticles as a filler in car tyres  Antireflective coatings  Nanoparticle-reinforced polymers and metals  Nanotechnologically modified adhesive technologies and adhesive primers  Catalytic nanoparticles as a fuel additive  Nanoporous filters to minimise the emission of particles on the nanometer scale  Hydrophile surface coatings as anti-fogging coatings  “Self-healing" coatings, e.g. through self- organisation

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 15 Textile industry: Crease resistance, breathing properties, wear resistance, spot and water repellence, antistatic properties, active ingredient storage or fire protection

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 16 EXAMPLES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS:  Giant Magnetoresitance  Kodak; filters; cosmetics; infrared low observable special windows; Hard coatings  Dispersions with optoelectronic properties, high reactivity  Chemical and Bio-detectors  Advance Drug delivery systems  Chemical-Mechanical Polishing with Nanoparticel Slurries  New Generation of Lasers  Nanostructured Catalysts  Broad revolutionary technology  A dental-bounding agent  Protective and glare-reducing coating for eyeglasses  Light-weight, stronger tennis racquets  Stain-free clothing and mattresses

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 17 PATENT AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ,228 nanotech-related patents in US 926 nanotech-related patents in JAPAN 684 nanotech-related patents in GERMANY 244 nanotech-related patents in CANADA 183 nanotech-related patents in FRANCE

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 18 CLASSIFICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY International Patent Classification and European Classification ECLA are likely to be common to most nanotechnology invention- B81 “Micro-structural technology” and B82 “Nano-technology”.

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 19 PATENT LANDSCAPE Search TermNo. of Patents Nanotechnology99 Nanostructured434 Nanofabrication72 Nanodevice10 Nanoprobe14 Nanomechanical23 Nanotube164 Carbon nanotube129 Molecular switch56 Nanocluster44 Nanomagnetic2

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 20 RISKS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Goo –Grey Goo –Green Goo Toxicity Weapons

25 December 2005 ©MarkPatent.Org 21 Thank You