The Classical Period: Movements of People

Movements of People Common themes for the classical civilizations include territorial expansion efforts to integrate the peoples of the new territories Ex. Southeast Asia gained access to civilization during the classical period mainly through its contacts with India.

Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Sahara refers to the area/land below the Sahara desert. http://www.jica.go.jp/jicares/english/img/activity_02.gif

Sub-Saharan Africa 1000 B.C.E-independent kingdom of Kush flourished along the upper Nile. Possessed a form of writing derived from Egyptian hieroglyphics and mastered the use of iron. Major cities were built

Kush http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/images/200BC.jpg

Kush The stone pyramids of Kush at Merowe in the Sudan.

Sub-Saharan Africa Kushites established a strong monarchy with the belief that the king was divine. 300 B.C.E-Kush was defeated by the African kingdom of Axum Axum was later defeated by the kingdom of Ethiopia Both Axum and Ethiopia were in contact with Mediterranean civilizations

Ethiopia

Sub-Saharan Africa Judaism spread to Ethiopia due to trade creating a small minority of Ethiopian Jews. The Ethiopian Christian Church was cut off from mainstream Christianity after the fall of the classical period but Christianity flourished in isolation.

Sub-Saharan Africa Iron working spread which facilitated expansion of agriculture Kushite writing did NOT spread What does this suggest about the impact of civilization below the Sahara?

Sub-Saharan Africa Towards the end of the classical era important regional kingdoms began to form in western Africa, leading to the creation of the first great state-GHANA Root crops and plantains, being introduced to Southeast Asia about 100 C.E.

West Africa-Ghana http://www.edunetconnect.com/cat/timemachine/images/25_10.jpg <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>

Japan

Japan 200 C.E.-Japan had established extensive agriculture. Population of the islands were formed by migrations from the peninsula of Korea. Organization based on tribal chiefs evolved Each tribal group had its own god thought of as an ancestor.

Japan Japan developed an iron working network. Skipped the stages of bronze and copper work and went straight from stone to iron. Regional states in Japan became more complex controlling larger territories. Scribes from Korea to keep records on the island

Japan-Shintoism Japan’s religion was Shintoism. Shintoism provided for the worship of political rulers and the spirits of nature, including the all important god of rice. local shrines and rituals (unified religion in 700 C.E.)

Shinto-Shrines <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> Shinto shrine for Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess The Heian Shrine at Kyoto <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> The Yasukuni Shrine, Tokyo

Japan 400 C.E.-National politics arose as local regional leaders gained trust and loyalty from other leaders. Japan’s imperial house-emperor/leader was worshipped as a religious figure. Japan began to have more contact with China

Northern Europe www.culturalresources.com/Maps.html

Northern Europe Teutonic or Celtic peoples (were loosely organized regional kingdoms) Germany England Scandinavia Slavic peoples There was no written language, except in the cases where Latin had been imported.

Northern Europe Agriculture was still very primitive with hunting and gathering. Scandinavians (learned skill of sailing) Religious beliefs consisted of polytheistic nature gods.

Civilizations of Central and South America http://www.audleytravel.com/Destinations/Central-America/~/media/Images/Destinations/Central%20America/Maps/CENTRAL%20AMERICAnew%20Region%20Map%20570.ashx?w=570 http://www.wildlifeadventures.com/assets/images/tours/Ancient_Civ_Map_500px.jpg

Civilizations of Central and South America 800 C.E-400 C.E- Central America Olmecs developed and spread and early form of civilization. Lacked written language but produced massive pyramid shaped religious monuments.

Civilizations of Central and South America An Olmec "head," ca. 900 B.C. http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/images/South%20America/factfile/Maya1.jpg <http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> The Wrestler, a sculpture from the Olmec civilization

Civilizations of Central and South America In the Andes region of South America Potatoes were grown Domesticated animals such as turkeys, dogs, and guinea pigs Impressive achievements in jade art Religious statues were icons blended human images with animals. Accurate and impressive calendar.

Civilizations of Central and South America http://gallery.photo.net/photo/1905-lg.jpg

Civilizations of Central and South America Olmecs disappeared without a clear trace around 400 B.C.E. Teotihuacan was the center of trade and worship. Suffered setbacks from migrations and regional wars but American civilization starting with Maya 400 C.E.

Civilizations of Central and South America Peru and Bolivia careful agriculture allowed the construction of elaborate cities and religious monuments development of the Incan civilization Early American Indian cultures were considerably ahead of European civilizations

Polynesia http://southpacifichotels.travel/wiki/images/e/e6/Map_of_Polynesia.gif

Polynesia Developed in isolation in new island territories in the Pacific Fiji and Samoa by 1000 B.C.E Giant outrigger canoes led to the first settlement of island complexes such as Hawaii. Adapted local plants brought new animals such as pigs Caste system under local kings.

Polynesia http://www.divetheworldfiji.com/images/map-fiji.gif http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/australia/samoa_rel98.jpg

Polynesia Polynesians came from mainland Asia. Left no written records Ships were great double canoes and helped them catch ocean winds (trade)

Polynesia http://www.modelshipmaster.com/products/other_types/viking/polynesian%20(2).JPG http://southpacifichotels.travel/wiki/images/8/8d/H%C3%B6k%C3%BCle%27a,_a_prototype_of_ancient_Polynesian_boats.jpg

Africa-Bantu http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/maps/mhi/000f2413.gif

Africa-Bantu Most Likely originated in an area south of the Sahara Desert in the region of modern day Nigeria. language dialect not necessarily a tribe of people 2000 B.C.E- left their homeland due to desertification traveled for centuries all over sub-Saharan Africa maintaining the majority of their customs.

Africa-Bantu Language spread it combined with others Migrations were gradual by the end of the classical era Migrations introduced agriculture, iron metallurgy and the Bantu language to most regions of Sub-Saharan Africa.