DS/ Reducing vs non-reducing α ( D) glucopyranosyl 1 2 fructofuranoside β ( D) galactopyranosyl 1 4 glucopyranose SucroseLactose

Amylose amylopectin glycogen cellulose

DS that are formed by the linkage of sugars derivatives

Definition and properties: Definition and properties: *They are composed of many sugar residues. *They are composed of many sugar residues. *All are nonreducing. *All are nonreducing. Polysaccharides

PS/Different classification. 1- Branched vs linear polysaccharides. 1- Branched vs linear polysaccharides. Example: amylose, inulin, and amylopectin, glycogen 2- Sturctural vs storage polysaccharides. 2- Sturctural vs storage polysaccharides. Example: Cellulose, pectin and glycogen, inulin. Example: Cellulose, pectin and glycogen, inulin. 3- Homo vs hetero polysaccharides. 3- Homo vs hetero polysaccharides. Example: Amylon, cellulose and glycosaminoglycanes. Example: Amylon, cellulose and glycosaminoglycanes.

PS/ linear vs Branched AmyloseAmylopectin / Glycogen Branched linear

Structural vs storage

Other Structural Polysaccharides Alginates - Ca-binding polymers in algae Alginates - Ca-binding polymers in algae and agaropectin - Agarose and agaropectin - galactose polymers Glycosaminoglycans - repeating disaccharides with amino sugars and negative charges Glycosaminoglycans - repeating disaccharides with amino sugars and negative charges

Dextrans If you change the main linkages between glucose from alpha(1,4) to alpha(1,6), you get a new family of polysaccharides - dextrans If you change the main linkages between glucose from alpha(1,4) to alpha(1,6), you get a new family of polysaccharides - dextrans Branches can be (1,2), (1,3), or (1,4) Branches can be (1,2), (1,3), or (1,4) Dextrans formed by bacteria are components of dental plaque Cross-linked are used as "" gels in column chromatography Cross-linked dextrans are used as "Sephadex" gels in column chromatography These gels are up to 98% water! These gels are up to 98% water!

PS/Homo vs Heteropolysaccharide Amylose, inulin, and amylopectin, glycogen, Cellulose Amylose, inulin, and amylopectin, glycogen, Cellulose Chitin - exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects and spiders, and cell walls of fungi Chitin - exoskeletons of crustaceans, insects and spiders, and cell walls of fungi Similar to cellulose, but Similar to cellulose, but C-2s are N- acetyl Cellulose strands are parallel, chitins can be parallel or antiparallel Cellulose strands are parallel, chitins can be parallel or antiparallel

Hetero PS (Glycosaminoglucans)

(GAG+ peptide) Glycoproteins vs Proteoglycans

Two main classes of ECM molecules: a) Glycosaminoglycans mostly proteoglycans polysaccharide chains - glycosaminoglycans, GAGs, covalently bound to proteins highly hydrated, porous, gels b) fibrous proteins (embedded in the above gel) structural (collagen, elastin) strengthen the ECM adhesive (fibronectin, laminin) attach cells to the appropriate part of ECM

Polysaccharides/ Peptidoglycanes Gram positive bacteria Gram Negative bacteria

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids (Crebroside, Ganglioside) Glycolipids Vs Lipopolysaccharides

Relative swetness & Artificial sweetners Relative sweetness of sugar Sucrose: 100 Sucrose: 100 Glc: 70 Glc: 70 Fru:170 Fru:170 Mal: 30 Mal: 30 Lac: 16 Lac: 16 Relative sweetness of Artificial sweetners Cyclamate: 3, 000 Cyclamate: 3, 000 Aspartam: 20, 000 Aspartam: 20, 000 Saccarin: 40, 000 Saccarin: 40, 000 Monilin: 400, 000 Monilin: 400, 000

Different ways for qualitative and quantitative identification of sugars Crystal formation(Osazones) Furfral and hydroxy furfural reaction with cyclic alcohol. Furfral and hydroxy furfural reaction with cyclic alcohol. Iodine Iodine Enzymatic Enzymatic Glucokinase Glucokinase Hexokinase Hexokinase Oxidative and reductive reactions: Benedict Oxidative and reductive reactions: Benedict

Benedict: An assay for sugars Cu + Cu 2+