Chapter 5 Macromolecules Building blocks of life

Macromolecule Composition Monomers Polymer Covalent linkages Dehydration reactions Hydrolysis reactions

Categories of Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates Sugars Sugar polymers Glycosidic linkage –Covalent Categories –Monosaccharide –Disaccharide –Polysaccharide

Monosaccharides Single sugar molecule Can function as monomer Ring form Aldoses Ketoses

Ring Forms of Sugars

Disaccharides Two sugar molecules Dehydration reaction Glycosidic bond Sucrose Lactose Maltose

Derivatives of Carbohydrates Sweeteners

Polysaccharides Many sugar molecules Glycosidic linkage Starch –Alpha Cellulose –Beta –Structural polysaccharide Chitin

Lipids Fats and oils Hydrocarbon tails or rings Very non polar No true monomer Most composed of glycerol and fatty acids Linkage-ester

Subcategories of Lipids Neutral lipids Phospholipids Steroids Waxes

Neutral Lipids Glycerol backbone 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids Triglyceride Ester linkage Adipose storage Plant oils Saturated- animal source Unsaturated- plant source

Phospholipids Glycerol backbone 2 fatty acid tails Phosphate head Amphipathic Polar head Non-polar tails Components of all biological membranes

Phospholipids (cont.) Bilayer Micelle Liposome Emulsifying agent

Steroids Common ring structure Very planar Sex hormones Cholesterol –Stabilize membranes

Waxes Very hydrophobic Long chain alcohol esterified to very long chain fatty acid Waterproofing Ducks

Proteins Polymers of amino acids Amino acid as monomer Peptide bonds Very diverse group of macromolecules

Amino Acids

Essential Amino Acids Animal sources Plant sources –Complementation groups

Protein functions Enzymatic proteins Structural proteins Storage proteins Transport proteins Hormonal proteins Receptor proteins Contractile and motor proteins Defensive proteins

Enzymatic Proteins Catalyst Rate of reactions Energy changes “Match maker” Shape Active site Activation energy

Structural Proteins Confer shape Capsid proteins Cytoskeletal proteins

Storage Proteins Albumin Amino acid storage Egg white

Transport Proteins

Receptor protein Hormones Viruses Cell communication

Contractile Proteins

Defense Proteins Antibodies

Protein Structure Four levels of organization Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary See pages in text

Primary and Secondary

Tertiary and Quaternary

Denaturation Unfolding Break H bonds Heat pH changes

Protein Folding Hydrophilic interactions H bonding S-S bridges Chaparonins

Amino Acid Sequence Ultimately determined by the DNA base sequence Dictates final folding and shape

Nucleic Acids Polymers of nucleotides DNA RNA

Nucleotides 5 carbon sugar –Ribose –Deoxyribose Nitrogenous base –Adenine –Guanine –Cytosine –Thymine –Uracil Phosphate- 1, 2, or 3

Nitrogenous base Letters in genetic code Purines –Adenine –Guanine Pyrimidines –Thymine –Cytosine –Uracil

Structure of Nucleic acids Sugar/ Phosphate back bone- similar to paper N base as “letter” written on the backbone Anti-parallel alignment if double stranded

Functions of Nucleic Acids Information molecules DNA –Hereditary information –Recipe book –Each recipe is one gene –Each gene encodes one protein RNA –Working copy of one gene or recipe

DNA Hereditary function –DNA replication Master recipe book –Transcription

RNA Working copy of a gene Transcription –Make RNA Translation –Make protein