Computer Organization IT 318 1 CPUMemoryInputDevices OutputDevices Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Touchscreen Output Devices: Display, Printer, Flash.

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Computer Organization IT CPUMemoryInputDevices OutputDevices Input Devices: Keyboard, Mouse, Touchscreen Output Devices: Display, Printer, Flash drive Memory: RAM, ROM, Disk Drives, Flash Address Bus Data Bus

CPU Organization IT ProgramPointer Program (In Memory) ALU Data Accumulator(F,D,E,S) On-BoardRegisters

Instruction Cycle IT Fetch (from Program Memory) (from Program Memory) Decode (in Accumulator) (in Accumulator) Execute (in ALU or Register) (in ALU or Register) Store (in Data Memory) (in Data Memory)

Storage Hierarchy IT 3184 On-Board Registers 2 cycles; volatile Cache Memory (SRAM) 10 cycles; volatile Main Memory (DRAM) 50 cycles; volatile Storage (HDD, ODD, FD) 10 6 /10 7 / 10 4 cycles; non-volatile Access Time Storage Capacity

Memory Allocation IT BIOS Operating System Program Data Program 1 Data Program 2 Data Program 3 Data Free Memory

IT 3186 Motherboard

IT 3187 CPUs

IT 318 8

9 Glue Logic

IT Power Supply-Separated

IT Power Supply-Installed

IT Cache

IT BIOS

Memory System IT 31814

Storage Speeds IT

Making It Go Faster IT 31816

DRAM Evolution IT

HDD Evolution IT 31818

 Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)  32 Mbps; 1982 (IBM PC)  Extended ISA (EISA)  64 Mbps; 1988  Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)  132 Mbps; 1992  PCI-eXtended (PCI-X)  266 Mbps; 1998  PCI-e or PCI-E  v 1.0: (2003) 250 MBps/lane, 16 lanes = 4 GBps  v. 2.0: (2007) 500 MBps/lane, 32 lanes = 16 GBps  v. 3.0: (2010) – not yet fully released IT Internal I/O

 Small Computers System Interface (SCSI)  50 Mbps, 1984; Ultra-5: 640 Mbps (2003)  iSCSI: Ethernet/network dependent  Universal Serial Bus (USB)  v. 1.0: 12 Mpbs; 1994; v. 2.0: 480 Mbps; 2000; v. 3.0: 4.8 Gpbs (2009)  Firewire (IEEE 1394; AppleTalk)  400 Mbps; 1996; 800 Mbps (2006); declining  Ethernet  10 Mbps (1984); 100 Mbps (1995); 1 Gbps (2000); 10 Gbps (2008) IT External I/O

 Thunderbolt  10 Gbps  4 lanes, differential, 5.4 Gbps/lane  15 ft (5m) with copper; 100 m with mmf  Both PCI-e and DisplayPort  NOTE: preceding examples are NOT exhaustive in any way – just example of what has been done. IT External I/O

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