CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 The Crime Picture CHAPTER 2

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 The Criminal Justice Funnel

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 The Value of Data Data are valuable and can be used to  Shape public policy  Analyze and evaluate existing programs  Create new programs  Plan new laws  Develop funding requests

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Sources of Data  Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)  National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)  Offender self-reports  Other regular publications

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Uniform Crime Reports

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Uniform Crime Reports  The reports began in  Data are collected by F.B.I.  Approximately 16,000 police agencies provide data.  Only crimes known to the police are included.  Law enforcement agencies submit reports voluntarily.  The UCR contains the Crime Index.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 UCR: Crime Index The Index is made up of Part I offenses.  Violent crime  Murder, rape, robbery, assault  Property crime  Burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 UCR: Crime Index Crime Index = major crimes 100,000 population

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 UCR: Crime Rates Crime Rate = number of crimes 100,000 population Rates allow for comparison across areas and times.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 UCR: Clearance Rates Clearance Rate = number of crimes solved number of crimes committed Clearances are based on arrests, not judicial dispositions.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Actual and Projected Rates of Crime (1950–2010)

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Crimes Cleared by Arrest, 2004

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 The FBI Crime Clock

14 Major Crimes UCR Classifications of Part I Offenses

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Murder …the unlawful killing of a human being by another. Includes:  All willful and unlawful homicides  Nonnegligent manslaughter Excludes:  Suicides  Deaths caused by accidents or negligence  Attempted murders

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Data on Murder  Least likely Part I offense to occur  High clearance rate  Rates peak during warmer months  Most common in southern states  People age 20–24 are most at risk  Most perpetrators are age 20–24  Weapon most often used: firearms  Most often, victim and offender were “acquaintances”

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 17 Murder: Multiple Killings  Spree—two or more people, killed on more than one occasion, over an extended period of time.  Mass — three or more people, killed in a single event, by an offender who typically does not seek concealment of the crime.  Serial — several victims killed in three or more separate events and over time.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 18 Forcible Rape …the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. Includes:  Assault or attempt to commit rape by force or threat of force Excludes:  Assault if victim is male  Statutory rape (without force)  Same-sex rapes  Other sex offenses

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 19 Forcible Rape: One of the most underreported violent crimes Many victims do NOT report because they:  Think the police won’t be able to catch the suspect.  Believe that the police will be unsympathetic.  Want to avoid the embarrassment of publicity.  Fear reprisal by the rapist.  Fear additional “victimization” by court proceedings.  Want to keep family/friends from knowing.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 20 Rate of Reported Rape, 1960–2004

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 21 Forcible Rape  Most rapes are committed by acquaintances of victim, as in the case of date rape.  Most rapists appear to be motivated by the need to feel powerful.  Use of the “date rape drug” Rohypnol is rising.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 22 Robbery …the unlawful taking or attempted taking of property that is in the immediate possession of another by force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear. Excludes:  Pick pocketing  Purse snatching

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 23 Robbery Characteristics of robberies (2004):  Highway (42.8%)  Strong arm (39%)  Gun involved (42%)  Knife involved (8.7%)  Gun discharged (20%) Robbery rates in 2004 (per 100,000):  Large cities–426.7  Rural areas–16.7

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 24 Robbery Most of those arrested are:  Male (90%)  Under age 25 (62%)  Minorities (56%) Targets (2004):  Most are individuals  Banks, gas stations, convenience stores, and other businesses  Residential

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 25 Aggravated Assault …unlawful inflicting of serious injury upon the person of another. Includes:  Attempted assaults, especially when a deadly weapon is used  The possible use of a gun, knife, or other weapon that could result in serious injury Excludes:  Simple assaults

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 26 Aggravated Assault  56% clearance rate  Summer months highest number reported  February, November, and December lowest number reported  Most were committed with:  Blunt object 36%  Hands and feet 27.9%  Guns 18.3%  Knives 17.8%

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 27 Burglary …unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. Types of burglaries:  Forcible entry  Unlawful entry without force  Attempted forcible entry

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 28 Burglary 2 million reported burglaries in 2004:  63.3% forcible entries  30.2% unlawful entries without force  6.5% are attempted forcible entries  $3.3 billion in losses (average: $1,545)  victim home 10% of the time  most during the day  The clearance rate in 2004 was only 12.7%.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 29 Larceny–theft …unlawful taking or attempted taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of another. Motor vehicles thefts are excluded.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 Larceny–theft Includes (in declining order of frequency) :  Theft from motor vehicles  Shoplifting  Theft from buildings  Theft of motor vehicle parts and accessories  Bicycle thefts  Theft from coin-operated machines  Purse snatching  Pocket picking

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 31 Larceny–theft  Great variance in types and value of items stolen.  Is the most frequently reported crime (yet still greatly underreported).  Total value of property stolen is around $5.2 billion.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 32 Identity Theft–A Special Kind of Larceny … a crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of information, such as Social Security and driver’s license numbers, to obtain credit, merchandise, and services in the name of the victim.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 33 Motor Vehicle Theft …the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. A “motor vehicle” is a self- propelled vehicle that runs on land and not on rails.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 34 Motor Vehicle Theft Includes automobiles motorcycles motor scooters trucks buses snowmobiles Excludes trains airplanes bulldozers most farm equipment ships boats spacecraft

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 35 Motor Vehicle Theft  Legally, carjacking is a type of robbery, not a motor vehicle theft.  It accounts for just over 1% of all car thefts. Carjacking...the taking of a motor vehicle directly from the owner by force

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 36 Characteristics of Motor Vehicle Theft Over 1.2 million reported in 2004:  High report rate  13.8% clearance rate  Clearance rates are higher in rural areas  $8.2 billion in losses (average: $6,646)  Typical offender: young male  60% under 25  83.5% male

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 37 Arson …the burning or attempted burning of property, with or without the intent to defraud. …does not include fires of unknown or suspicious origins …became a Part I offense in 1979

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 38 Characteristics of Arson Most common type of arson is the burning of structures, followed by the burning of vehicles  Low clearance rate—16%  $1 billion in losses (average: $11,098)

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 39 Part II Offenses Part II offenses are less serious than Part I offenses and include many social order offenses, such as:  Simple assault  Driving under the influence  Prostitution  Vandalism  Receiving stolen property  Fraud  Embezzlement

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 40 NIBRS: The New UCR National Incident Based Reporting System Incident driven, rather than summary based  FBI started this program in  Goals: to enhance and improve crime data collection, analysis, and publication.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 41 NIBRS National Incident Based Reporting System  Includes nature of the disposition of the complaint  Replaces the old Part I and Part II offenses with 22 general offenses

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 42 NIBRS 22 offenses include:  kidnapping  larceny  motor vehicle theft  pornography  prostitution  narcotics offenses  embezzlement  extortion  arson  assault  bribery  burglary  counterfeiting  vandalism  gambling  homicide  fraud  weapons violations  robbery  forcible sex offenses  non-forcible sex offenses  receiving stolen property

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 43 NIBRS Also collects data on:  bad checks  vagrancy  disorderly conduct  driving under the influence  drunkenness  non-violent family offenses  liquor law violations  “peeping Tom” activities  runaways  trespassing  general category of all “other” criminal law violations

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 44 NCVS National Crime Victimization Survey  Began operation in 1972  Based on victim self-reports  Designed to measure the “dark figure” of crime  Uses data collected by the Bureau of Justice Statistics  More than 50,000 households are surveyed twice per year

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 45 Dark Figure of Crime all crime crimes known to the police

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 46 NCVS Includes data on:  Robbery  Assault  Burglary  Personal and household larceny  Motor vehicle theft  Rape

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 47 NCVS Statistics Reveal  2004—crime rates at lowest level in years.  15% of all households are touched by crime.  24 million victimizations each year.  About 1/2 of all violent crime is reported.  Slightly more than 1/3 of all property crime is reported.  Victims are more likely:  Men  Younger people  African American  Lower income (for violent victimization)

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 48 NCVS Household crime rates are highest for households:  Headed by younger people  Headed by African-Americans  With six or more members  Headed by renters  Located in central cities

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 49 Problems with the UCR and the NCVS UCR Not everyone reports Some crimes are rarely reported Victims inaccuracies Bureaucratic influences Hierarchical counting system Contains only data that FBI thinks is appropriate NCVS There is potential for false or exaggerated reports False reports may be generated by overzealous interviewers Some people won’t respond Respondents may suffer from faulty memories Respondents may misinterpret events Hierarchical counting system Contains only data that BJS thinks is appropriate

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 50 Special Categories of Crime: Crime Typologies

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 51 Crime Typology  A classification of crimes along a particular dimension, such as legal categories, offender motivation, victim behavior, or the characteristics of individual offenders.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 52 Special Categories of Crime  Crime against women  Crime against the elderly  Hate crime  Corporate and white-collar crime  Organized crime  Gun crime  Drug crime  High-technology and computer crime  Terrorism

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 53 Women and Crime  Compared to men, women are:  Likely to be victimized in every major personal crime other than rape.  More likely than men to be injured as a result of crime.  More likely to make lifestyle modifications because of threat of crime.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 54 National Violence Against Women Survey (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000)  52% of women surveyed say they have been physically assaulted as a child or as an adult.  Approximately 1.9 million women are physically assaulted in the United States each year.  25% of women, compared to 8% of men surveyed, said they had experienced partner violence in their lifetime.  18% of women have experienced a completed or attempted rape at sometime in their life; more than half of these were under 18 when first raped.  Women are significantly more likely to be injured during an assault.  Violence against women is primarily partner violence.  8% of women have been stalked at some time in their lives.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 55 Bureau of Justice Statistics  Women living in central cities are considerably more likely to be victimized than women residing in suburbs.  Suburban women are more likely to be victimized than women in rural areas.  Low-income women experience the most violent crime.  Women age 20–24 are most at risk for violent victimization, followed by 16–19 year-olds.  Victimization of women falls as family income rises.  Women who are unemployed, students, or in the armed forces are most likely to experience violent victimization.  African-American women are victims of violent crime more frequently than women of other races.  Hispanic women are victimized more frequently than white women.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 56 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)  Seeks to eliminate violence against women.  Act extends the Rape Shield Law to civil cases and to all criminal cases.  Provided federal funding to: 1.Educate police, prosecutors, and judges about special needs of female victims. 2.Encourage pro-arrest policies in cases of domestic abuse. 3.Provide specialized services for female victims of crime. 4.Fund battered women's shelters. 5.Support rape education.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 57 Anti-Stalking Laws  All states have anti-stalking laws, which give additional protection to women.  80% of stalking victims are women.  Cyberstalking involves using the internet, , or other electronic communication technologies to stalk another person.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 58 Elderly Crime Victims The elderly generally experience the lowest rate of victimization—both violent and property—of any age group.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 59 Elderly Crime Victims Elderly victims are more likely than younger victims to:  Be victims of property crime than of violent crime.  Face offenders who are armed with guns.  Be victimized by strangers.  Be victimized in or near their homes during daylight hours.  Report their victimization to the police.  Be physically injured.  Be less likely to try to protect themselves during victimization.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 60 Hate Crimes Hate crimes are crimes in which the defendant’s conduct was motivated by hatred, bias, or prejudice, based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals.  Hate crimes are also called biased crimes.  Most hate crimes consist of intimidation, although they may also include vandalism, simple and aggravated assault, and murder.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 61 Hate Crimes: 2004 Police reported 9,726 hate crime incidents, including 19 murders. Hate crimes were motivated by: Race—52.5% Sexual orientation — 16.4% Ethnicity — 14.2% Gender — 16.4%

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 62 Corporate Crime  A violation of a criminal statute by a corporate entity or by its executives, employees, or agents acting on behalf of and for the benefit of the corporation, partnership, or other form of business entity.  The human perpetrators of corporate crime are called white-collar criminals.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 63 White-Collar Crime  Violations of the criminal law committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course or his or her occupation. ---or---  Nonviolent crime for financial gain utilizing deception and committed by anyone who has special technical and professional knowledge of business and government, irrespective of the person’s occupation.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 64 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002  Created tough provisions to deter and punish corporate and accounting fraud and corruption and to protect the interests of workers and shareholders.  Mandates that CFOs personally vouch for the truth and accuracy of their companies’ financial statements.  Increased federal penalties for obstructing justice and, specifically, for shredding or destroying documents that might aid in a criminal investigation of business practices.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 65 Organized Crime  The unlawful activities of members of a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal goods and services, including gambling, prostitution, loan-sharking, narcotics, and labor racketeering, and in other unlawful activities.  Primarily a group activity.  A lot of variation among different organized crime groups.  Includes inner-city gangs.  Some organized crime activity is transnational— operating across national boundaries.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 66 Guns, Crime, and Gun Control  Each year, approximately 1 million serious crimes involve the use of a handgun.  In a typical year, there are 10,000 murders in the United States using firearms.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 67 The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (1994)  Prior to purchasing a handgun, there will be a(n)  5-day waiting period  Instant criminal background check  Licensed importers, manufacturers, and dealers are required to:  Check photo ID  Submit purchaser’s application  Acquire a unite identification number authorizing the purchase

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 68 Brady Law Impact  Most offenders obtain weapons from friend or family or “on the street.”  Some applicants try to circumvent Brady Law by using fake identification.  Problems may lead to ballistic fingerprinting.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 69 Drug Crime  The rate of drug related crime has more than doubled since  Federal drug prosecutions increased from 11,854 in 1984 to nearly 40,000 in  Studies link drug abuse to other serious crimes.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 70 High-Tech and Computer Crime Computer crime…any crime perpetrated through the use of computer technology. Also, any violation of a federal or state computer crime statute. Also called cybercrime or information technology crime.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 71 Terrorism To assist in the developing protection of U.S. infrastructure, The Homeland Security Act of 2002 created the Department of Homeland Security and made its director a Cabinet member.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE TODAY, 9E PRENTICE HALL by Frank Schmalleger ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 72 Cyberterrorism …a form of terrorism that makes use of high technology, especially computers and the Internet, in the planning and carrying out of terrorist attacks.