Chapter 3 The Oceans Flowing Through Our Veins

Hydrologic Cycle Terminology Evaporation: Change of a liquid to a gas Transpiration: Water loss from plants through leaf pores Condensation: Phase change from water vapor to a liquid Precipitation: Atmospheric moisture formed in the air that falls to the surface Surface Runoff: Surface water flow that contributes to water bodies Melt runoff: Water movement from melting snow down into streams and lakes Percolation/Infiltration: The movement of water during rainfall into the soil Groundwater flow: Subsurface water flow that contributes to water bodies

Journey of the Water Molecule _2/water_cycle.htmlhttp:// _2/water_cycle.html Water Cycle

Inconvenient Truth Guiding Questions Part 1 How are temperature and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere related? –Ice Core Measurements Carbon dioxide bubbles Oxygen 18 isotope –Discuss the Effects of Temperature Rise Receding Glaciers –Evidence Changes in Weather Patterns –Evidence Precipitation and Evaporation connection to Hydrologic cycle

Inconvenient Truth Guiding Questions Part 2 The importance of the ocean conveyor Discuss the Additional Effects of Temperature rise: Invasive species (Pine Beetle, Bark Beetle) Spread of disease (Disease vectors-mosquitos, rats) Sea Level Rise What causes sea level rise? –Sea Based Ice vs. Land Based Ice Discuss the 3 main misconceptions with regards to global warming: –Disagreement among scientists –Must choose between the economy and the environment –Global warming problem is just too BIG

Finite Oceans What is in our water?

3 Examples of How the Hydrologic Cycle Can be Disrupted Eutrophication PCB’s DDT

Eutrophication Excess nutrients (Nitrates and Phosphates) Causes Algal Blooms Increase Algae =Increase snails Increase snails=increase in trematodes Increase in birth defects of frogs Algae Snails Trematodes Healthy Frogs

DDT Biomagnification Pesticide Persist in the environment Not potentially harmful to man Harmful to fish and waterfowl Bioaccumulation in tissues Poisoning of fish and waterfowl

PCB’s and Dolphins Biomagnification

PCB’s (Polychlorobiphenyls) What are they used for: –1929: printing inks and paints Up until 1977: soften plastics and insulators in transformers Production Banned by EPA in 1977 –Continue to persist PCB’s Effects: –Reproductive disorders –Cancer –Liver disease

Overview Hydrologic Cycle –Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, Runoff, Infiltration Eutrophication (Fertilizer runoff) PCB (Plastic softener) contamination –Reproductive disorders –Cancer –Liver Disease

Monitoring Our Water Consumption Avg. Shower: 8.2 minutes (2.2 gallons) Toilet: 3.61 gallons per flush Faucet: 1.3 gallons/min Laundry: 15 gallons/load /edu/sq3.htmlhttp://ga.water.usgs.gov /edu/sq3.html Water Quiz

Ch. 3 Sacred Balance Connection p “Our lives are made possible by the hydrologic cycle, the miraculous process whereby salty water is transformed in to fresh water by evaporation and is redistributed around the planet.” Forests and the Hydrologic Cycle –Forests catch, hold, use and recycle water Regulate climate and the hydrologic cycle Amazon’s influence on major oceanic and atmospheric currents.

An Inconvenient Truth Global Climate Change

Inconvenient Truth Guiding Questions Part 1 What is the greenhouse effect? How does the Earth Breathe? How do greenhouse gases influence global temperature?

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1996: "The balance of evidence suggests that there is a discernible human influence on the global climate.” 2001: "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.” Chair of IPCC: “The overwhelming majority of scientific experts, whilst recognizing that scientific uncertainties exist, nonetheless believe that human-induced climate change is already occurring and that future change is inevitable.” 2001 Report: 122 lead authors, 515 contributing authors, 21 review editors, 337 expert reviewers 2007 Report: 1,200 lead authors and 2,500 scientific expert reviewers from more than 130 countries.

Kyoto Protocol December 1997 more than 160 nations met in Kyoto, Japan, to negotiate binding limitations on greenhouse gases for the developed nations. In action as of Feb Kyoto Protocol: reducing greenhouse gas emissions in an effort to prevent anthropogenic climate change.

May 2008, Participation in the Kyoto Protocol, where dark green indicates countries that have signed and ratified the treaty, yellow is signed, but not yet ratified, grey is not yet decided and red is no intention of ratifying. Kyoto expires 2012 next international conference on Global Climate Change to occur in Bali.

Carbon Sequestration Terrestrial Sequestration –Forest and Soil management Ocean Sequestration Carbon storage underground –Increase marine primary productivity –Injection of liquid CO2 into the sea floor Concerns: Ocean chemistry (acidity)

Class Plan 9/29 Class project questions Water cycle review Water pollution –Eutrophication –DDT –PCB’s Water Awareness

Memory Box Draw a big box on a blank sheet of paper Write in the box what you got out of this talk so far. List as many things as you can Chunk the information together into possible categories Create a picture or icon illustrating the most important idea you got out of this talk so far. NO WORDS Find someone who is either your height or who you think looks exotic and share your picture with them.

Earth’s Liquid Stuff Water Reservoir: Part’s of Earth’s water system Ocean Groundwater 97.25% 0.68% 1,370,000,000 KM 3 9,500,000 KM 3 Lakes0.01%125,000 KM 3 Rivers0.0001%1,700 KM 3

Specific Heat of Water Heat and molecular activity Water has a high specific heat. The amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance. Water –absorbs large amounts of heat energy before it begins to get hot. –releases heat energy slowly when situations cause it to cool. Moderates Earth's climate and helps organisms regulate their body temperature more effectively.

Latent heat: Heat change per unit mass required for a phase transition Latent heat of fusion: Heat lost while changing from a solid to liquid Latent heat of vaporization: Heat lost while changing from a liquid to a gas

More Severe Weather: Hurricanes Hurricane Life Cycle Hurricane Intensity