University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 1 Module 1: Environmental Literacy: Environmental Issues, Risk, Exposure, and Regulations David Shonnard Department of Chemical Engineering Michigan Technological University

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 2 Module 1: Presentation Outline l Educational goals and topics covered in the module l Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses l Review of environmental impacts - Chapter 1 l Environmental and health risk assessment - Ch. 2 l Exposure calculations - Chapter 6 l Environmental regulations of interest to chemical engineers - Chapter 3

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 3 Module 1: Educational goals and topics Students will: l be introduced to major environmental issues related to chemical processing l become familiar with the fundamentals of risk assessment l be introduced to the major environmental regulations of interest to the chemical industry and the chemical engineer l become aware of the major pathways and routes of exposure to industrial chemicals

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 4 Module 1: Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses l Design course: Introduce environmental literacy and regulations before assigning projects l Freshman Engineering: Introduction to issues regarding environment / society / industry

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 5 Module 1: Scope of environmental impacts (Ch 1) Raw Materials Extraction Energy Wastes Chemical Processing Wastes Product Manufacturing Wastes Use, Reuse, Disposal Wastes Materials Energy Materials Energy Materials Energy Materials Pollution Control Pollution Control Life- Cycle Stages global warming ozone depletion smog formation acidifi- cation ecological harm Human health and ecosystem damage Midpoints Endpoint

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 6 Module 1: U.S. Energy Flows, 1997 Annual Energy Review 1997, U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, DOE/EIA-0384(97)

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 7 Module 1: Global warming and related impacts Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products greenhouse gas emissions CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O climate change; sea level change human mortality or life adjustments Cause and Effect Chain Contribution to global Warming; Phipps, NPPC, Climate Change 1995, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, WMO and UNEP, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 8 Module 1: Stratospheric ozone and related impacts Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products ozone depleting substances CFCs, HCFCs ozone layer loss increase in uv human mortality or life adjustments ecosystem damage Cause and Effect Chain Toxics Release Inventory Data

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 9 Module 1: Smog formation and related impacts Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products NOx and volatile organic substances photochemical oxidation reactions human/ecological damage from O 3 and other oxidants Cause and Effect Chain NOxVOCs 1 - Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing, 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization, 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling VOCs NOx1997 National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Fuel Combustion Industrial Processes Transportation Miscellaneous

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 10 Module 1: Acid rain / Acid deposition Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products SO 2 and NOx emission to air Acidification rxns. & acid deposition human/ecological damage from H + and heavy metals Cause and Effect Chain National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, SO Chemical & Allied Processing 2 - Petroleum & Related Industries 3 - Metals Processing 4 - Other Industrial Processes 5 - Solvent Utilization 6 - Storage & Transportation 7 - Waste Disposal & Recycling 1997 Fuel Combustion Industrial Processes Transportation Miscellaneous

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 11 Module 1: Human health toxicity Chemical Processing EnergyMaterials Products Toxic releases to air, water, and soil Transport, fate, exposure pathways & routes Human health damage; carcino- genic & non... RCRA Hazardous Waste EPCRA Toxic Waste Allen and Rosselot, 1997

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 12 Module 1: Risk assessment: important questions (Ch 2) l What are the risks associated with a chemical, manufacturing process, or use of a product? l How is risk quantified by professional risk assessors? l Is risk assessment used by government agencies to regulate industry? (Yes!)

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 13 Steps in risk assessment »Hazard assessment »Exposure assessment »Dose/response relationships »Risk characterization Module 1: Risk assessment: introductory concepts Risk = F(exposure x hazard) Modules 1,2 Modules 1,2 Chapters 5,6 Chapters 2,5

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 14 Indicators of chemical toxicology Carcinogenic effects - Slope Factor (SF), Weight of Evidence (WOE) classification Noncarcinogenic effects - No Observable Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL), Reference Dose (RfD), Reference Concentration (RfC), Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), Threshold Limit Value (TLV) Sources of Data for Health Effects 1. The Material Safety Data Sheet - MSDS 2. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards ( 3. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) ( 4. National Library of Medicine (ToxNet) ( 5. Casarett and Doull’s “Toxicology, the Basic Science of Poisons”, Macmillan 6. Patty’s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, John Wiley & Sons Module 1: Hazard assessment

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 15 l Occupational Exposure- exposure to people in the workplace l Community Exposure- exposure outside the workplace Different modeling approaches and assumptions Exposure Assessment Methodology - Community Exposure 1. Identify all waste stream components and concentrations 2. Estimate release rates to the air, water, and soil 3. Choose proper exposure pathways (through environment) and routes (into humans) 4. Determine exposure concentrations at the point of exposure to humans using measurements or an environmental fate and transport model Module 1: Exposure assessment (Ch 6)

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 16 Module 1: Exposure assessment - cont. Multiple pathways are possible Exposure Routes 1. Inhalation 2. Ingestion 3. Dermal (skin)

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 17 Module 1: Exposure assessment - H 2 S release example Q = kg/s H 2 S H = 0 m x = 300 m Rural release, daytime neutral atmosphere, x<500m, v x =4 m/s  y  z = x 1.78 Rural release, nighttime stable atmosphere, x<500m, v x =2.5 m/s  y  z = x 1.66 Atmospheric dispersion Model, C a

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 18 How large a dose causes what kind of effect? Module 1: Dose/Response Effective Dose (reversible) Toxic Dose (irreversible) Lethal Dose Crowl and Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals with Applications, Prentice Hall, 1990

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 19 Module 1: Risk Characterization Exposure Dose (mg/kg/d) Dose - Response Relationship, Slope Factor (mg/kg/d) -1 Result: # excess cancers per 10 6 cases in the population; to acceptable Carcinogenic Risk Example (inhalation route) Exposure Factors CR = contact rate (m 3 air breathed / day) EF = exposure frequency (days / yr) ED = exposure duration (yr) BW = body weight (kg) AT = averaging time (days) - 25,550 days for carcinogenic risk

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 20 Module 1: Environmental regulations: the regulatory process (Ch 3) Environmental Laws Clean Air Act of 1970 Administrative Agencies US Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Regulations National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Rule Making publish proposed regulations in the Federal Register receive public comment on proposed regulations publish regulations in the Federal Register

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 21 Module 1: Environmental regulations: changes over time Bishop, “Pollution Prevention: Fundamentals and Practice”, McGraw-Hill, 2000 Major Laws/AmendmentsEnvironmental Regulations

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 22 The 9 essential environmental regulations: the manufacture of chemicals

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 23 The 9 essential environmental regulations : discharges to air, water, and soil

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 24 The 9 essential environmental regulations : clean-up, disclosure, and pollution prevention

University of Texas at AustinMichigan Technological University 25 Module 1: Recap l Educational goals and topics covered in the module l Potential uses of the module in chemical engineering courses l Review of environmental impacts - Chapter 1 l Environmental and health risk assessment - Ch. 2 l Exposure calculations - Chapter 6 l Environmental regulations of interest to chemical engineers - Chapter 3