Compsci 06/101, Fall What will you do in Compsci 6 Today? l Learn about selection and if/else statements  In context of solving problems  Understanding how to alter flow-of-control in Python  Vastly increasing the kinds of problems we can solve l Learn about looping over sequences  See above! Sequences will be strings, lists, images l Learn about lists  Humongously powerful structure for storing data

Compsci 06/101, Fall Language and Problems in Context l Convert Romeo and Juliet to Piglatin  What else could we do with Shakespeare's plays?  How do we convert HTML to text?  Remove all $$ from salary data in a file l How do we make an image larger, more red, …  What is an image? How do read it? Convert it? Access it? l How do get the parts of an IP address  What are the parts? How do we access them?  How would a router use these parts?

Compsci 06/101, Fall How do you solve a problem like …? l Solution from lab last week always returns -1? def firstVowelIndex(word): ai = word.find('a') ei = word.find('e') ii = word.find('i') oi = word.find('o') ui = word.find('u') return min(ai,ei,ii,oi,ui ) l There is more than one way to skin a cat, but we need at least one way

Compsci 06/101, Fall Python if statements and Booleans l In python we have if: else: elif:  Used to guard or select block of code  If guard is True then, else other l What type of expression used in if/elif tests?  ==,, >=, !=, and, or, not, in  Value of expression must be either True or False  Type == bool, George Boole, Boolean, l Examples with if  String starts with vowel  Rock, paper, scissors (!aka Rochambeau) winner

Compsci 06/101, Fall Pragmatics of using if, else, elif l Indentation in Python determines how blocks of code execute  What's in a function, what's not  What's guarded by if/else statement  Preview: what's in control of for loop l Nested blocks are hard to develop and reason about, but powerful  Sometimes factor nested blocks into other functions, for example see Uppity.py l Complex boolean expressions difficult to deal with  When is a year a leap year? When divisible by 4, unless divisible by 100 except when divisible by 400

Compsci 06/101, Fall Grace Murray Hopper ( ) l “third programmer on world’s first large-scale digital computer”  US Navy: Admiral “It’s better to show that something can be done and apologize for not asking permission, than to try to persuade the powers that be at the beginning” l ACM Hopper award given for contributions before : Jennifer Rexford 2009: Tim Roughgarden

Compsci 06/101, Fall READ THIS NOW! l How do we convert Romeo and Juliet to all uppercase: WHEREFORE ART THOU ROMEO?  See Uppity.py for details, note how many functions have loops l We start with loops over sequences for element in sequence: #Process element  Sequences: Strings, files, lists, (more in future)  Sequences queryable with boolean in operator

Compsci 06/101, Fall Sequences: Strings, Files, Lists l String is a sequence of characters which are essentially strings of length 1  Python does not have a character type  In Python type("rocket"[0]) is ? l File is a sequence of lines, each line is a string  Can process files in other ways, e.g., read entire file or process a fixed number of bytes/chars at a time l List is a sequence of elements  For example, returned by line.split() in Uppity.py  Lists are powerful abstractions and they are mutable!

Compsci 06/101, Fall Anatomy of a Python List l Lists are sequences and indexable/subscriptable  What does this mean in Python? Lists created by using list(..) as a function, similar to str(..) and int(..)  What is list("apple") and what is list(123)? Lists created and returned by other functions, e.g., str.split() or range(.. )  We'll see range later, not a list in Python 3 l See list idiom in Uppity.py, create [], then append  Grow the list when appropriate

Compsci 06/101, Fall Python loops and strings l Smelly code and how to fix it: firstVowelIndex  If you're duplicating code it's smelly  If you think there's a better way, it could be smelly  Smelly code should NOT always be fixed, sometimes you can simply call it odorific! Running right is most important! def firstVowelIndex(word): mi = len(word)+1 for v in "aeiou": if v in word: mi = min(mi,word.find(v)) return mi

Compsci 06/101, Fall Looping and other idioms l Initialize a variable before a loop, update in loop  See vowel indexing code on previous slide: min What about maximal element in a list?  Create list of "long" words (from list, file, other source) l This is filtering: selecting according to some criteria  Could also remove elements from list, changing list  Create new list v. alter existing list: benefits, tradeoffs? l Can we add up the digits of a number?  How can we index elements of a number? l Can we add up divisors of a number?  How do we loop over possibilities?

Compsci 06/101, Fall Donald Knuth (b. 1938, Hopper '71) l Scholar, practitioner, artisan  Art of Computer Programming  Began effort in 1962 to survey entire field, still going l Writes beautiful code  Developed TeX to help typeset his books, widely used scientific document processing program l Many, many publications  First was in Mad Magazine  On the Complexity of Songs  Surreal Numbers

Compsci 06/101, Fall It’s all relative and it depends I make the best bread in the city I make the best bread in the world I make the best bread in the universe I make the best bread on the block

Compsci 06/101, Fall Richard Stallman (b.1953, Hopper '90) l "World's Best Programmer"  Gnu/Linux: g++  Believes all software should be free, but like “free speech”, not “free beer”  Won MacArthur award for his efforts and contributions  League for Programming Freedom It's about free, not open