1 Human Systematic Anatomy Human Systematic Anatomy For foreign students of Medical School of Zhejiang University Xiaoming Zhang

2 Introduction I. Definition of anatomy Anatomy is the science dealing with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of structures of the body. For the medical students, human anatomy is the basic course of the preclinical and clinical curriculum. Introduction I. Definition of anatomy Anatomy is the science dealing with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of structures of the body. For the medical students, human anatomy is the basic course of the preclinical and clinical curriculum.

3 II. Divisions of anatomy from different method and purpose of study. A. Gross Anatomy It is the study of macroscopic or gross structure visible to the naked eye. Systematic anatomy; Regional anatomy. B. Microscopic Anatomy (histology) It is the study of minute structures requiring the use of the microscope. II. Divisions of anatomy from different method and purpose of study. A. Gross Anatomy It is the study of macroscopic or gross structure visible to the naked eye. Systematic anatomy; Regional anatomy. B. Microscopic Anatomy (histology) It is the study of minute structures requiring the use of the microscope.

4 C. Developmental Anatomy (embryology) It is the study of the development of the body from its beginning (fertilized ovum ) to maturity. D. Applied Anatomy ( Practical or Surgical Anatomy ) It is usually concerned with observations of human structures which are useful in medicine, especially in the surgical technique, but also in clinical diagnosis. C. Developmental Anatomy (embryology) It is the study of the development of the body from its beginning (fertilized ovum ) to maturity. D. Applied Anatomy ( Practical or Surgical Anatomy ) It is usually concerned with observations of human structures which are useful in medicine, especially in the surgical technique, but also in clinical diagnosis.

5 III. General structure of human body A. Cells: A body consists of innumerable cells. B. Tissue: — epithelial tissue — connective tissue — muscular tissue — nervous tissue C. Organs and structures III. General structure of human body A. Cells: A body consists of innumerable cells. B. Tissue: — epithelial tissue — connective tissue — muscular tissue — nervous tissue C. Organs and structures

6 D. Systems: 9 systems — locomotor system ： bones; joints; muscles — alimentary system — respiratory system — urinary system — genital (reproductive) system — circulatory system: cardiovascular system; lymphatic system; — endocrine system — nervous system — sense organs E. Human body D. Systems: 9 systems — locomotor system ： bones; joints; muscles — alimentary system — respiratory system — urinary system — genital (reproductive) system — circulatory system: cardiovascular system; lymphatic system; — endocrine system — nervous system — sense organs E. Human body

7 IV. Anatomical terminology A. Anatomical position For the purpose of description of various parts of body and their location, a body is assumed to be in erect position. It is essential to learn the anatomical position because most of the directional terminology used in anatomy refers to the body in this position. IV. Anatomical terminology A. Anatomical position For the purpose of description of various parts of body and their location, a body is assumed to be in erect position. It is essential to learn the anatomical position because most of the directional terminology used in anatomy refers to the body in this position.

8 — Anatomical position the face and toes directed forward ； the eyes straight forward ； the heels and toes get together; the upper limbs hang by the side of body and the palms of the hands face forward. — Anatomical position the face and toes directed forward ； the eyes straight forward ； the heels and toes get together; the upper limbs hang by the side of body and the palms of the hands face forward.

9 B. The relational planes and sections: 1. For whole body a) sagittal plane a vertical plane which divides body into left and right parts. * median (midsagittal) plane right and left parts are equal. b) Coronal (frontal) plane a vertical plane, which divides body into anterior and posterior parts. c) Horizontal (transverse) plane it is at right angle to both sagittal and Coronal planes and divides body into superior and inferior parts. 2. For organ: longitudinal and transverse planes B. The relational planes and sections: 1. For whole body a) sagittal plane a vertical plane which divides body into left and right parts. * median (midsagittal) plane right and left parts are equal. b) Coronal (frontal) plane a vertical plane, which divides body into anterior and posterior parts. c) Horizontal (transverse) plane it is at right angle to both sagittal and Coronal planes and divides body into superior and inferior parts. 2. For organ: longitudinal and transverse planes

10 C. Axises vertical axis; sagittal axis; coronal axis.

11 D. The terms of direction Anterior —— posterior (ventral —— dorsal) Medial —— lateral (ulnar —— radial) (tibial —— fibular) Superior —— inferior (cranial —— caudal) Proximal —— distal Internal —— external Superficial —— deep D. The terms of direction Anterior —— posterior (ventral —— dorsal) Medial —— lateral (ulnar —— radial) (tibial —— fibular) Superior —— inferior (cranial —— caudal) Proximal —— distal Internal —— external Superficial —— deep