An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology 1 1

Introduction All living organisms share the following characteristics: Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Maintain Homeostasis Movement Metabolism Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Anatomists study: Internal and external structure Physical relationships among body parts Physiologists study: How organisms perform vital functions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy & Physiology Sciences Gross anatomy “Naked eye” anatomy Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Sectional anatomy Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Levels of Organization Life is built on successive levels of organization with increasing complexity: Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis Maintains stable internal conditions Temperature Ionic concentrations Blood sugar levels, etc. Utilizes negative or positive feedback mechanisms Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Regulation depends on: Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus Effector that affects the same stimulus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Negative Feedback: Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response Response negates disturbance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Positive Feedback: Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus Response rapidly completes critical process Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Figure 1-5

Homeostatic Regulation Homeostasis and Disease Failure of homeostatic regulation Symptoms appear Organ system malfunction Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Regulation Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. They monitor and adjust internal conditions. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Surface Anatomy Anatomical Position Hands at side Palms forward Feet together Supine: Face up Prone: Face down Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-6(a)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-6(b)

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical Regions Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions Four abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(a)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(b)

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-7(c)

The Language of Anatomy A few anatomical directions: Anterior (= ventral) Posterior (= dorsal) Superior Inferior Lateral Medial Proximal Distal Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-8

The Language of Anatomy Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections Transverse plane Transverse section Frontal plane Frontal section Sagittal plane Sagittal section Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-9

The Language of Anatomy Ventral body cavity Protects delicate organs Permits organ growth and movement Surrounds: Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive organs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity: Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneal membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Language of Anatomy Figure 1-10(a)

The Language of Anatomy Radiological Procedures X-rays CT Scans MRIs Ultrasound Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

X-Rays Figure 1-11(a)

X-Rays Figure 1-11(b)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(a)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(b)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(c)

Common Scanning Techniques Figure 1-12(d)

Examination Techniques Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation