Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy Physiology Structural organization of living things Basic processes that occur in the human body

Anatomical Position Upright, standing position Face & feet pointing forward Arms at side Palms facing forward (supinated) Why do we care?

Universal starting point from which to describe anatomical features and positions Consistency of description - ability to communicate with each other *structures will always be described as they are to the subject rather *

Anatomical Terms of Location Anterior/Posterior Superior/Inferior Proximal/Distal Medial/Lateral Superficial/Deep Refers to a part of the body in relation to another Pg. 6 in textbook

TERM MEANING EXAMPLE Anterior Towards the front of the body The knee cap is on the anterior side of the leg Posterior Towards the back of the body The shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs Superior Towards the head The heart is superior to the stomach Inferior Towards the feet The chest is inferior to the neck Medial Towards the midline of the body The big toe is medial to the 5th toe Lateral Away from the midline of the body The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand Proximal Closer to the trunk or point of origin The hip is proximal to the knee Distal Further from the trunk or point of origin The wrist is distal to the elbow Superficial Closer to the surface of the body Skin is superficial to the muscle Deep Further from the surface The lungs are deep to the ribs

Examples: The nose is ____________ to the ears Examples: The nose is ____________ to the ears. The fingernails are ____________ to the skin. The pinky is __________ to the thumb. ANTERIOR SUPERFICIAL MEDIAL

Anatomical Planes Sagittal Frontal Transverse Relate to positions in space and are at right angles to one another

1. Frontal (coronal) plane Divides body into front & back segments 2. Transverse (horizontal) plane Divides body into upper & lower segments 3. Sagittal (median) plane Divides body into right & left segments Sagittal Frontal Transverse

Anatomical Axes An axis is a straight line around which an object rotate Movement at the joint take place in a plane about an axis Horizontal Longitudinal Antero-posterior

1. Horizontal axis East-west in relationship to anatomical position 2. Longitudinal axis North-south in relationship to anatomical position 3. Antero-posterior axis Front to back in relationship to anatomical position

Describing Position & Movement A body movement can be described in terms of the anatomical plane through which it occurs and the anatomical axis around which it rotate RULE: The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement

Longitudinal Sagittal Plane Frontal Plane Antero-Posterior Horizontal Transverse Plane

Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example Horizontal Longitudinal Antero-posterior Walking Squatting Cycling Sagittal Transverse Twist Pirouette Jumping Jacks Side Bend Frontal

Types of Body Movement Retraction/Protraction Abduction/Adduction Flexion/Extension Pronation/Supination Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion Depression/Elevation Reposition/Opposition Inversion/Eversion External Rotation/Internal Rotation Circumduction pg. 4-5 in textbook

External Rotation Internal Rotation

Thumb Reposition

Movements in Anatomical Planes What types of movement occur on these planes? Sagittal Plane Frontal Plane Transverse Plane