Animal Organization and Homeostasis 15.1 Types of tissues

What is tissue?  Two or more cells of the same type performing a common function  Four types of tissue  Epithelial  Connective  Muscular  Nervous

What is epithelial tissue?  Characteristics  Cell rich  Avascular  Basal vs. apical side (polarity)  Basement membrane  Cell shapes  Squamous  Columnar  cuboidal

What types of epithelium are there?  Types  Simple  Stratified  Glandular  Exocrine  Endocrine

What is connective tissue?  Characteristics  Cell poor  Matrix rich  Collagen  Elastin  Reticular fibers  Vascular (with exceptions)  Cyte vs. blast

What are the types of connective tissue?  Adipose  Loose CT  Fibro-  Dense CT  Fibro-  Cartilage  Lacunae  Chondro-  Bone  Osteo-  Blood  Erythrocytes  Leukocytes  Platelets

What is muscular tissue?  Responds to stimulus  Contracts  Myo-  Three types  Skeletal (voluntary)  Cardiac (involuntary)  Smooth (involuntary)

What is nervous tissue?  Also responds to stimulus  Sends signals  Two types of cells  Neuroglia  Neurons

Animal Organization and Homeostasis 15.2 Body cavities and homeostasis

What are body cavities?  Regions of body  Two cavities  Dorsal  Brain  Spinal cord  Ventral  Thoracic  Abdominal  Pelvic

What are the organ systems of the body?  Integumentary  Skeletal  Muscular  Nervous  Endocrine  Cardiovascular  Immune  Urinary  Digestive  Respiratory  Reproductive

What is homeostasis?  Body’s tendency to maintain internal set points  Negative feedback  Most common  Solution state is opposite of problem state

What is a positive feedback loop?  Positive feedback  Rare  Solution state heightens problem state  Child birth  Fever  Blood clotting

Animal Organization and Homeostasis 15.3 Anatomical position and terms

What are some anatomical terms for position/location?  Anatomical position: left is right and right is left!  Position descriptions  Supine, prone

Ventral, dorsal

Anterior, posterior

Superior, inferior

Medial, lateral medial Lateral

Proximal, distal proximal distal comparison

Superficial, deep

What are the anatomical planes?  Sagittal  Midsagittal  Parasagittal

What are the anatomical planes?  Frontal

What are the anatomical planes?  Transverse

What are the body cavities?  Dorsal body cavity  Cranial cavity: cranium and stuff inside  Vertebral cavity: vertebral column and stuff inside

What are the body cavities?  Ventral body cavity  Diaphragm divides thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities  Thoracic: mediastinum divides left from right

What kinds of membranes line cavities?  Meninges: lines brain and spinal cord

What kinds of membranes line cavities?  Serous membrane: no outside opening  Inner: visceral layer  Outer: parietal layer  In between: cavity filled with serous fluid  Thoracic: pleurae and pericardium  Abdominopelvic: peritoneum

What kinds of membranes line cavities?  Mucous membrane: outside opening  Examples?