Organization of the Human Body BMS 231: 2015/2016 DR SOBIA IKRAM DR AQEELA BANO DR SADIA FARHAN

Table of Contents Objectives for this lesson Definition of Anatomy, basic Anatomical position and terminology. Directional and Regional terms Body Planes and cavities Abdominal Quadrants and Regions

OBJECTIVES When you finish this lesson, you should be able to Define Anatomy , know the Anatomical position & basic anatomical terminology. Explain the Directional and Regional terms along with their relation to body planes. Identify the body cavities and membranes. Identify the abdominal quadrants and regions to know the exact location of the internal organs.

ANATOMY Anatomy is the study of structure of the human body and the relationship of its part to each other. This is actually WHAT and WHERE of the body.

ANATOMICAL POSITION Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away from body Figure 1.7a

Basic Anatomical Terminology Directional terms Regional terms Superficial Deep Cephalic Vertebral Thoracic Appendicular Brachial Lumbar Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior Medial Lateral Proximal Distal

Directional Terms Superior and inferior toward and away from the head, respectively Superior or Cranial Inferior or Caudal cranial caudal

The eyes are SUPERIOR to the mouth. The mouth is INFERIOR to the eyes.

Directional Terms Anterior and posterior toward the front and back of the body POSTERIOR (Dorsal) ANTERIOR (Ventral) AT THE BACK IN THE FRONT

Directional Terms Medial, toward the midline lateral away from the midline,

Body Midline EYES Medial EARS Lateral

The Extremities have a different set of terms Proximal– closer to the origin of the body Distal - far from the origin of the body The arm is DISTAL The upper arm is PROXIMAL

Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface SKIN SUPERFICIAL – toward the surface DEEP – away from the surface

REGIONAL TERMS NAMES OF SPECIFIC BODY AREA Axial region (main axis): refers to Head, neck and trunk Trunk further divided - Thorax - Abdomen - Pelvis - Perineum 2. Appendicular region Appendages/extremities

Regional terms

Regional terms

BODY PLANES Body sections - 4 main planes of reference: Sagittal plane – Midsagittal / Parasagittal Coronal (frontal) plane Transverse plane Oblique section

BODY PLANES Sagittal Plane– divides the body into right and left parts Midsagittal – sagittal plane that lies parallel to the midline Midsagittal plane

BODY PLANES 2. Coronal Plane ( Frontal) – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

BODY PLANES 3.Transverse Plane (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

BODY PLANES 4.Oblique plane - divides the body into superior and inferior parts cuts made diagonally

Summary of the body planes

Summary of the body planes Figure 1.8 Summary of the body planes

Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal Body Cavity - cranial cavity - vertebral cavity Ventral Body Cavity - contains the viscera 1. thoracic cavity a. Pleural cavity b. Mediastinal cavity c. Pericardial cavity 2. abdominopelvic cavity a. Abdominal cavity b. Pelvic cavity

Summary (body cavities) RT AND LT PLEURAL CAVITY BODY CAVITIES THORACIC MEDIASTINAL DORSAL VENTRAL PERICARDIAL ABDOMINOPELVIC CRANIAL VERTEBRAL PELVIC ABDOMINAL

Other Body Cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities

Body Cavities and Membranes SEROUS CAVITIES - the cavities that are lined by serous membranes Parietal layer - Lines the body walls . Visceral layer - lines the organs Serous fluid - fluid between the parietal and visceral layers is called serous fluid

Body Cavity Membranes Figure 1.10a

The pleura surround the lungs The pericardium surrounds the heart The peritoneum surrounds the abdominal organs

Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal quadrants an abdomen is divided by an imaginary lines into four quadrants Right upper and left upper quadrants Right lower and left lower quadrants

Abdominal Regions Abdomen can also be divided by imaginary lines into 9 regions Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left hypochondriac Figure 1.11a