Trends and Similarities Periodic Table Trends and Similarities

Trends of the Periodic Table: At the conclusion of our time together, you should be able to: Give a trend across and down the Periodic Table for metallic characteristics, reactivity, atomic radius and ion radius, electron affinity, ionization energy, electronegativity, density, melting point and boiling point Define each of the terms above Pick the element with the higher trend above from a list of several elements

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Trends In The Periodic Table: Ionization Energy Atomic Radius Electron Affinity Electronegativity, Etc.

Try to determine the trends by looking at the handouts provided. Periodic Trends Try to determine the trends by looking at the handouts provided.

Metallic Characteristic Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Increases Decreases Conductivity Shininess Malleability Ductility

Reactivity Of Metals more reactive more reactive

Reactivity Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Increases with Metals Decreases with Nonmetals Decreases with Metals Increases with Nonmetals

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Atomic Radius Half the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms that are bonded together. Electron – electron repulsion = larger Proton – electron attraction = smaller Energy level, n, more therefore

Atomic Radius Vs. Atomic Number 04/10/99

Atomic Radius Trends

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Periodic Table Trends Answers

Atomic Radius Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Increases Decreases

Negative Ions – Nonmetals Ionic Radius Cations lose electrons, therefore they tend to be Positive Ions – Metals Anions gain electrons, therefore they tend to be Negative Ions – Nonmetals

Ionic Radius Trends Electron gain = repulsion = Larger Electron loss = one less energy level = Smaller

Ionic Radius Trends Metals Nonmetals Smaller Larger

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Electron Affinity The energy change that occurs when a neutral atom acquires an electron. Most electron affinity values are negative. Energy is released from the atom. Atoms that really want another electron tend to be more negative.

Periodic Table Trends Answers

Electron Affinity Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Decreases (less negative) Increases (more negative) Noble Gases = 0

Ionization Energy The energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom. The closer to the nucleus, the harder to pull the electron. The farther away, more interference from other electrons, therefore, the easier it is to pull the electron.

Ionization Energy Vs. Atomic Number 04/10/99

Ionization Energy Trends

Ionization Energy Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Decreases Increases

Electronegativity A measurement of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons.

Generally, Ionization energy + Electron Affinity = Electronegativity Most electronegative element – Fluorine (F) It is assigned the number 4 All other values are based on this value.

Electronegativity Trends

Electronegativity Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Decreases Increases

Volume of that Material Density Mass of a Material Divided by Volume of that Material

Density Trends

Increases then Decreases Density Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Increase Increases then Decreases

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Boiling Point Temperature at which a system moves from the liquid state to the gaseous state. The external pressure pushing into the liquid is equal to the internal pressure pushing out of the liquid.

Melting Point The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid. The external pressure pushing into the solid is equal to the internal pressure pushing out of the solid.

Boiling Point Trends

Boiling/Melting Point Trends Top to Bottom Left to Right Increases except Groups 1, 2, 12, 13, 14 Increases then Decreases

Trends of the Periodic Table: Let’s see if you can: Give a trend across and down the Periodic Table for metallic characteristics, reactivity, atomic radius and ion radius, electron affinity, ionization energy, electronegativity, density, melting point and boiling point Define each of the terms above Pick the element with the higher trend above from a list of several elements

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Which of the elements is the metalloid? Aluminum Silicon Chlorine Magnesium Sulfur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the elements would be the least reactive metal? Aluminum Silicon Chlorine Magnesium Sulfur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the elements would be the most reactive nonmetal? Aluminum Silicon Chlorine Magnesium Sulfur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the elements would have the largest radius? Aluminum Silicon Chlorine Magnesium Sulfur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the elements would have the highest electronegativity? Aluminum Silicon Chlorine Magnesium Sulfur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the elements would have the lowest ionization energy? Aluminum Silicon Chlorine Magnesium Sulfur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the elements would have the greatest electron affinity (the most negative number)? Aluminum Silicon Chlorine Magnesium Sulfur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the elements would have the highest metallic character? Aluminum Silicon Chlorine Magnesium Sulfur 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the following would have the larger radius? Chlorine Chlorine Ion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the following would have the smaller radius? Lithium Lithium Ion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the following would have the smaller radius? Oxygen Oxygen Ion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the following would have the larger radius? Sodium Sodium Ion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Rubidium (n=37) would have all of the following characteristics except: High Conductivity High Malleability High Brittleness Solid at Room Temperature 1 Valence Electron 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Bromine (n=35) would have which of the following characteristics? High Conductivity High Malleability High Brittleness Solid at Room Temperature 7 Valence Electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Which of the following would have the highest melting point? Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the following would have the lowest density? Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the following would have the highest density? Potassium Iron Bromine Krypton 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Which of the following would have the lowest boiling point? Potassium Iron Bromine Krypton 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

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