Lesson 1 Review 1. Since humanists believed that people could reason and improve themselves, they emphasized inner religious feelings, in contrast to medieval religion's emphasis on external displays of religion like relics and pilgrimages. 2. The Modern Devotion was a popular mystical movement that concentrated on simply following the teachings of Jesus rather than getting caught up in the details of dogma. 3. Erasmus believed that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis. By contrast, Luther thought no mere human could do enough good works to be saved; instead, he preached justification through faith alone to achieve salvation. 4. The leaders of the Catholic Church did not want to lose any power or to see people stop paying priests for indulgences. It took time for the rulers of the German states to realize that the upheaval could benefit them by giving them some of the power the Catholic Church had claimed.

Lesson 2 Review 5. Because Calvinists believed in their salvation they were activists in spreading their faith, leading to dynamic growth. 6. The Anabaptists believed each individual should make a free choice about his or her faith. They believed in the separation of church and state. Indeed, they thought the state should not even have political authority over them. They considered all believers equal and all eligible to be ministers. 7. Protestants believed that the Christian Bible was the only source of truth and that everyone could interpret the Bible. Catholics believed that both the Bible and church traditions were sources of truth and that priests were needed to interpret the Bible for believers. 8. The Council of Trent was a meeting called by Pope Paul III. For 18 years, cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, and theologians met in Trent to hammer out the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, which reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings as opposed to Protestant beliefs.

21 st Century Skills 9. Luther targeted indulgences in particular, but, in general, Protestants objected to the emphasis that some Catholic leaders seemed to place on money, power, and opulent lifestyles. Protestants also protested against the concept that good works led to salvation, the idea that people needed priests to interpret the Bible for them, the vow of celibacy for clergy, and the system of seven sacraments. 10. Luther had revolted against the all-powerful Catholic Church, so the peasants thought he would support their attempt to revolt against the powerful lords who tried to dictate the peasants' beliefs and behavior. 11. Mary had many Protestants killed in an effort to make the rest convert to Catholicism. Instead, her cruelty so horrified the public that many people turned against Catholicism and embraced Protestantism even more strongly. 12. The Reformation led to the Counter-Reformation, which revitalized the Catholic Church. It forced the church to fix some long-standing problems, like corruption, and it led to a clearer statement of the church's doctrine.

Exploring the Essential Question (1) Luther's Ninety-five Theses: showed that entrenched policies of the Catholic Church can be challenged. (2) Luther's marriage: provided a model of family life for ministers. (3) the Peace of Augsburg: showed that new ideas could defeat Charles V's army. (4) Calvin's doctrine of predestination: led to new converts from Catholicism. (5) Henry VIII's divorce: led to the founding of the Church of England and to religious wars. (6) founding of the Jesuits: elevated education and spread Catholicism through the world.

Humanism Society at large was attracted to individualism and was ready to question the Church because of humanist attitudes. The Anabaptists, by taking individualism and the separation of church and state to such extremes, made all other Protestants look less radical by comparison. The sudden spread in reading and new religious ideas changed society's attitudes toward work, wealth, and family. Pope Paul III's recognition that the Catholic Church had serious problems led to an infusion of life into Catholicism.

Reform Changes in intellectual thought, as well as discontent and instability, can lead to reform.