BIOLOGY 12 Protein Synthesis. Epigenetics our lifestyles and environment can change the way our genes are expressed do identical twins have the exact.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

DNA Transcription & Protein Translation

Advertisements

Cell Division, Genetics, Molecular Biology

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA  RNA  protein  The sequence of codons in DNA spells out the primary structure of a polypeptide.

Cell Protein Production

From gene to protein. DNA:nucleotides are the monomers Proteins: amino acids are the monomers DNA:in the nucleus Proteins:synthesized in cytoplasm.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

8.4 DNA Transcription 8.5 Translation

Protein Synthesis The genetic code – the sequence of nucleotides in DNA – is ultimately translated into the sequence of amino acids in proteins – gene.

How Genes Work. Transcription The information contained in DNA is stored in blocks called genes  the genes code for proteins  the proteins determine.

RNA and Protein Synthesis. DNA to RNA to Protein Focus Questions: –How does the message coded in the base sequence of DNA eventually create a protein?

From Gene to Protein. Gene Expression Process by which DNA directs the synthesis of a protein 2 stages transcription translation All organisms One gene.

DNA and Protein Synthesis. DNA Does 2 Important Things in a Cell: 1)DNA is capable of replicating itself. Every time a cell divides, each DNA strand makes.

Do Now: Do Now: 1. What structure makes proteins? 2. Where are these found? 3. Where is DNA stored? 4. Why not in cytoplasm? Homework: read 12-3 and complete.

Gene Expression and Control

Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation. The Central Dogma The information encoded with the DNA nucleotide sequence of a double helix is transferred.

Protein Synthesis. The DNA Code It is a universal code. The order of bases along the DNA strand codes for the order in which amino acids are chemically.

DNA transcribes to RNA RNA translates to protein.

VII RNA and Protein Synthesis

Transcription and Translation. What is Transcription? It is a process that produces a complementary strand of RNA by copying a complementary strand of.

RNA and protein synthesis. RNA Single strand of nucleotides Sugar is ribose Uracil instead of thymine.

THE MOST IMPORTANT BIOLOGY LESSON OF THE YEAR How does DNA work?

DNA Function: Information Transmission. ● DNA is called the “code of life.” What does it code for? *the information (“code”) to make proteins!

Protein Synthesis Transcription. DNA vs. RNA Single stranded Ribose sugar Uracil Anywhere Double stranded Deoxyribose sugar Thymine Nucleus.

Protein Synthesis The majority of genes are expressed as the proteins they encode. The process occurs in 2 steps: 1. Transcription (DNA---> RNA) 2. Translation.

3 types:  mRNA – used in transcription  tRNA – used in translation  rRNA – makes up ribosomes Composed of nucleotides  5 carbon sugar = ribose  phosphate.

Protein Synthesis Process that makes proteins

Transcription & Translation Transcription DNA is used to make a single strand of RNA that is complementary to the DNA base pairs. The enzyme used is.

12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis

RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation. Protein Synthesis: Transcription Transcription is divided into 3 processes: –Initiation, Elongation and.

Transcription & TranslationNovember , 2012 W ARM U P … What are the differences between DNA & RNA?

DNA Transcription & Protein Translation. Today’s Objectives Introduce Protein Synthesis Compare types of nucleic acid.

Biology 12 Transcription and Translation: A closer look.

Gene Expression. Central Dogma Information flows from: DNA  RNA  Protein Exception: reverse transcriptase (retroviruses) RNA  DNA  RNA  Protein.

Chapter 12: Protein Synthesis What is DNA? What is DNA?

DNA Transcription & Protein Translation. DNA Transcription DNA must be copied to messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus mRNA travels from nucleus to the.

RNA & Protein Synthesis Ribose RNA. DNARNA StructureDouble Stranded Single Stranded Bases- PurinesAdenine (A) Guanine (G) Bases - Pyrimidines Cytosine.

Genes – Coding and Flanking Genes are made up of different regions: –Coding region – part that contains information for producing the protein –Flanking.

RNA & Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis. DNA mRNA DNA Cannot the nucleus Sends to the cytoplasm via Its base sequence (called a codon) determines the amino acid in proteins.

Protein synthesis Transcription and translation. fromtoto make up also calledwhich functions toalso called which functions to can be RNA Messenger RNA.

UUU... UUG GAC AUA AAU GGG F O L D I N G ACC AGG GCU AAU AGU UUA GCG ACU AUC... AAC T R A N S L A T I O N

N Chapter 17~ From Gene to Protein. Protein Synthesis: overview n One gene-one enzyme hypothesis (Beadle and Tatum) –The function of a gene is to dictate.

12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis Page 300. A. Introduction 1. Chromosomes are a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of.

Protein Synthesis. Review Questions What is the function of DNA? Stores genetic information and holds the instructions for building proteins Why is DNA.

Chapter 17 From Gene to Protein.

Gene Expression II. Translation Overview Conversion of triplet code into polypeptide Takes place at ribosome in cytoplasm Involves all 3 types of RNA.

Chapter – 10 Part II Molecular Biology of the Gene - Genetic Transcription and Translation.

Transcription, RNA Processing, & Translation

Genetics: RNA and Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis DNA is the genetic code for all life. DNA literally holds the instructions that make all life possible. Even so, DNA does not directly.

Transcription, RNA Processing, & Translation

BIOLOGY 12 Protein Synthesis.

Protein Synthesis.

DNA Transcription & Protein Translation

Unit 5: Protein Synthesis.

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

Central Dogma of Genetics

Protein Synthesis The genetic code – the sequence of nucleotides in DNA – is ultimately translated into the sequence of amino acids in proteins – gene.

RNA - TRANSLATION.

Protein Synthesis.

GENE EXPRESSION / PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Protein Synthesis The genetic code – the sequence of nucleotides in DNA – is ultimately translated into the sequence of amino acids in proteins – gene.

Steps of Translation.

Central Dogma of Genetics

Protein Synthesis.

Protein Synthesis.

Presentation transcript:

BIOLOGY 12 Protein Synthesis

Epigenetics our lifestyles and environment can change the way our genes are expressed do identical twins have the exact same DNA? Twins Video

What do you know about RNA? single stranded. uracil instead of thymine 3 types – mRNA, rRNA, tRNA can go through nucleus into cytoplasm

What do you know about Proteins? polypeptides, long chains of amino acids amino group, carboxyl group, peptide bonds made in ribosomes used for structure – hair, muscles, nails, feathers, wool, hormones

Gene a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that provides the instructions to build a particular polypeptide note: one gene codes for one polypeptide

Codons sequence of three bases in DNA or mRNA that code for a particular amino acid triplet of nucleotides more than one codon can code for a single amino acid examples: CAA or GCU

Amino acidAbbreviation AlanineAla ArginineArg AsparagineAsn Aspartic acidAsp CysteineCys Glutamic acidGlu GlutamineGln GlycineGly HistidineHis IsoleucineIle LeucineLeu LysineLys MethionineMet PhenylalaninePhe ProlinePro SerineSer ThreonineThr TryptophanTrp TyrosineTyr ValineVal

Codons note: AUG is most often used as the start codon see table page 240

* remember: DNA never leaves the nucleus RNA is used as a messenger and a transporter

Three Types of RNA mRNA: messenger RNA delivers instructions to build a protein to the ribosome rRNA:ribosomal RNA structural component of a ribosome tRNA: transfer RNA transports appropriate amino acids to ribosome

Stage 1: Transcription DNA is used as a template to make a complementary mRNA mRNA transcribes the message from a gene and delivers it to the ribosome DNA  mRNA

Stage 1: Transcription Initiation DNA uncoils at the site of a gene one strand will act as a template

Stage 1: Transcription Elongation RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA template forming mRNA base pair rules: A-U and C-G

Stage 1: Transcription Termination mRNA is released

Stage 1: Transcription Posttranscriptional Modification 5’ cap added to start of mRNA, for protection from digestion poly-A tail is a string of adenine bases at the end of mRNA then mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores

Stage 1: Transcription

Stage 2: Translation a ribosome assembles amino acids in a specific sequence mRNA is transcribed into a polypeptide mRNA  protein

Stage 2: Translation two subunits of a ribosome bind to the mRNA the ribosome moves along the mRNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction, three nucleotides at a time this is the reading frame

Stage 2: Translation the ribosome recognizes the start codon (AUG) new amino acids are added each time the ribosome reads a new codon

Stage 2: Translation tRNA delivers the amino acids it’s anti-codon recognizes the codons in the mRNA each tRNA arrives at the A site (acceptor) the next tRNA arrives at the A site and the tRNA prior to that shifts to the P site (peptide) this is where peptide bonds are formed between adjoining amino acids

Stage 2: Translation the ribosome then shifts (translocates) to the next codon the process will continue until the ribosome reaches a stop codon

Stage 2: Translation A site P site

Protein Synthesis

Wisc-Online Animation

Protein Synthesis Example what makes a firefly glow? Learn Genetics

Protein Synthesis Transcribe and Translate

Textbook Review protein synthesis Read: pages pages Questions:page 241 # 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 page 254 # 3, 9