Ag Biology PLAY

Organic Compounds/Macromolecules All contain carbon Carbon forms strong covalent bonds Carbon forms chains Carbon forms single, double, and triple bonds Carbon makes rings CO 2, not organic 3-carbon ring 4-carbon ring 5-carbon ring PLAY

Carbon compounds form chemical bonds through polymerization. Polymers are made of individual monomers. Monomer + monomer = polymer Polymers bond together to make macromolecules. There are 4 organic compounds (macromolecules- “Giant Molecules”) essential to life.

1. Protein Contains C, H, N, O, P amino acids (monomers) Amino acid + amino acid = protein Proteins are very diverse molecules More than 20 amino acids are found in nature Functions are: 1. control reaction rates/cell processes 2. form bones and muscles 3. transport stuff in/out of cell 4. fight disease 5. Cell identity (protein markers) 6. Cell movement

Protein Structure Amino acid molecule has an “amino group” (NH2) on one end and the “carboxyl Group” (-COOH) on the other end. R- group The R-group defines the actual amino acid.

CH 3 Alanine CH 2 OH Serine

Amino Acids form bonds with each other through dehydration synthesis. Long chains are created. Levels of organization: 1. amino acids  protein chain 2. the chain twists 3. the chain folds 4. protein; a complete protein has 1 or more polypeptide chains.

Enzymes are made of protein. Chemical reactions make life/life functions possible. Reactions are sped up by catalysts. Catalysts start reactions, they are never used up, and work by lowering the start-up energy required by the reaction  makes life more efficient. Enzymes accelerate reaction. Ex: 1500 yrs. = 5 seconds. A simple cell has 2000 enzymes for basic reactions.

How do enzymes work? 1. Enzymes bind to the reactants of a chemical reaction  reactants are called substrates. 2. They bind at the active site. 3. They will then either position themselves to begin the reaction OR they may twist the molecule of the substrate and breaks the bonds of the molecules. 4. Enzymes are specific to each reaction! They fit like puzzle pieces. PLAY

Enzymes can become “denatured.” Enzymes require a specific environment in order to be effective. pH, temperature, light exposure, etc. can have an effect on the enzyme. If conditions are too extreme, the enzyme becomes denatured and will not work.

2. Carbohydrates Living things use carbs as their main source of energy; plants and some animals use it for structural purposes. Consist of C, H, O (2 H for every O) Carbo = carbon, hydrate = water; carbohydrates have the molecular formula CH 2 O Common types: Sugar Starch Simple carbs are called monosaccharides. Ex: glucose is sugar from plants, galactose is sugar from milk, fructose is sugar from fruits. All three are C 6 H 12 O 6, but are arranged differently.

A monosaccharide is the basic subunit of carbohydrates. They bond together to make polysaccharides. Starch is a polysaccharide where plants store their energy. Glycogen is a polysaccharide where animals store their energy. Monosaccharides are bonded through a process called dehydration synthesis. The process involves the removal of a water molecule to bring two monosaccharides together. The opposite effect (splitting a disaccharide or polysaccharide by adding water) is called hydrolysis.

Dehydration Synthesis- Carbs

3. Lipids Waxy, oily, fats Lipids have three roles: 1. store energy 2. form membranes 3. act as chemical messengers (hormones) Generally made of hydrogen and carbon Not a polymer They are formed through combinations of fatty acids and fatty glycerol. Fatty acids are long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at the end (-COOH). Glycerol is made up of three carbons each attached to a OH- group. They get combined through dehydration synthesis.

Lipids make up liposomes. Liposomes are the basic structure of the phospholipids, which make up the cell membrane = lipid bi-layer.

Saturated fats: “saturated with hydrogen” have only single C-C bonds solid at room temp most animal fats Unsaturated fats : liquid at room temp double bonds between carbons allows for “kinks” in the tails most plant fats Polyunsaturated = many double bonds

Saturated fats have the maximum number of hydrogens; the molecule has no double bonds. Unsaturated fats have double bonds, therefore they do not have the maximum number of hydrogens.

4. Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) Made up of C, H, O, N, and P. DNA & RNA DNA: deoxyribonucleic acids. RNA: ribonucleic acids. Subunits (monomers) are called nucleotides. Nucleotide Structure: 5-carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogen base

Characteristics of Living Organisms Made up of units called cells Reproduce (both sexual and aesexual) Based on a universal genetic code Grow and develop Obtain and use materials and energy (metabolism) Respond to their environment (stimulus) Maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis) Taken as a group, living things change over time (evolution)