Fig. 5-1 Who’s Cool???

Organic Molecules Organic molecules are found in living things. The chemistry of carbon accounts for the chemistry of organic molecules. Organic molecules are macromolecules.

2-3

2-4 Hydrocarbon chains can have functional groups that cause the macromolecule to behave in a certain way. (insert text art from top right column of page 31)

2-5 Macromolecules (polymers) are formed from smaller building blocks called monomers. Polymer Monomer carbohydrate monosaccharides protein amino acid nucleic acid nucleotide

Fig. 5-2a Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Short polymerUnlinked monomer Longer polymer Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer HO H2OH2O H H H (a)

Fig. 5-2b Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Hydrolysis of a polymer HO H2OH2O H H H (b)

Carbohydrates

Fig. 5-3 Dihydroxyacetone Ribulose Ketoses Aldoses Fructose Glyceraldehyde Ribose Glucose Galactose Hexoses (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Pentoses (C 5 H 10 O 5 ) Trioses (C 3 H 6 O 3 )

Fig. 5-4 (a) Linear and ring forms(b) Abbreviated ring structure Glucose as a Monomer

Fig. 5-5 (b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose GlucoseFructose Sucrose MaltoseGlucose (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose 1–4 glycosidic linkage 1–2 glycosidic linkage

Fig. 5-6 (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide Starch Glycogen Amylose Chloroplast (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide Amylopectin Mitochondria Glycogen granules 0.5 µm 1 µm Starch vs Glycogen

Fig Homeostasis: Blood glucose level (about 90 mg/100 mL) Glucagon STIMULUS: Blood glucose level falls. Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon. Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. Blood glucose level rises. STIMULUS: Blood glucose level rises. Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into the blood. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen. Blood glucose level declines. Body cells take up more glucose. Insulin

Fig. 5-7bc (b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers (c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of  glucose monomers Starch vs Cellulose

Fig. 5-8  Glucose monomer Cellulose molecules Microfibril Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall 0.5 µm 10 µm Cell walls

Table 5-1

Fig cAMP Second messenger Adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor ATP GTP G protein Epinephrine Inhibition of glycogen synthesis Promotion of glycogen breakdown Protein kinase A

Fig Major endocrine glands: Adrenal glands Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Pancreas Kidney Ovaries Testes Organs containing endocrine cells: Thymus Heart Liver Stomach Kidney Small intestine

Proteins Are composed of long chains of amino acids. These chains are coded for by the DNA in our nuclei.

Fig. 5-UN1 Amino group Carboxyl group  carbon

Fig Nonpolar Glycine (Gly or G) Alanine (Ala or A) Valine (Val or V) Leucine (Leu or L) Isoleucine (Ile or I) Methionine (Met or M) Phenylalanine (Phe or F) Trypotphan (Trp or W) Proline (Pro or P) Polar Serine (Ser or S) Threonine (Thr or T) Cysteine (Cys or C) Tyrosine (Tyr or Y) Asparagine (Asn or N) Glutamine (Gln or Q) Electrically charged AcidicBasic Aspartic acid (Asp or D) Glutamic acid (Glu or E) Lysine (Lys or K) Arginine (Arg or R) Histidine (His or H)

Peptide bond Fig Amino end (N-terminus) Peptide bond Side chains Backbone Carboxyl end (C-terminus) (a) (b)

Fig Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure  pleated sheet Examples of amino acid subunits + H 3 N Amino end  helix Quaternary Structure

Fig Enzyme (sucrase) Substrate (sucrose) Fructose Glucose OH H O H2OH2O Check out the shape of this protein!

Fig. 5-21a Amino acid subunits + H 3 N Amino end Primary Structure

Fig. 5-21b Amino acid subunits + H 3 N Amino end Carboxyl end

Fig. 5-21c Secondary Structure  pleated sheet Examples of amino acid subunits  helix

Fig. 5-21f Polypeptide backbone Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions Disulfide bridge Ionic bond Hydrogen bond

Fig. 5-21e Tertiary StructureQuaternary Structure

Fig. 5-21g Polypeptide chain  Chains Heme Iron  Chains Collagen Hemoglobin

Fig. 5-22c Normal red blood cells are full of individual hemoglobin molecules, each carrying oxygen. Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform red blood cell into sickle shape. 10 µm

Fig Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Quaternary structure Normal hemoglobin (top view) Primary structure Secondary and tertiary structures Quaternary structure Function  subunit Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen. Red blood cell shape Normal red blood cells are full of individual hemoglobin moledules, each carrying oxygen. 10 µm Normal hemoglobin     Val His Leu ThrPro Glu Red blood cell shape  subunit Exposed hydrophobic region Sickle-cell hemoglobin   Molecules interact with one another and crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is greatly reduced.   Fibers of abnormal hemoglobin deform red blood cell into sickle shape. 10 µm Sickle-cell hemoglobin GluPro Thr Leu His Val

Fig mRNA Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus DNA NUCLEUS mRNA CYTOPLASM Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Ribosome Amino acids Polypeptide Synthesis of protein 1 2 3

Fig Normal protein Denatured protein Denaturation Renaturation

Lipids 3 Classes Triglycerides Phospholipids Steroids

Fig. 5-11a Fatty acid (palmitic acid) (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat Glycerol

Triglycerides Are used to store energy, insulate, and protect. Are composed of long fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone Have a lot of bonds in their FACs and therefore store “a whole whack” of energy!

Fig. 5-11b (b) Fat molecule (triglyceride) Ester linkage

Fig. 5-12a (a) Saturated fat Structural formula of a saturated fat molecule Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid

Fig. 5-12b (b) Unsaturated fat Structural formula of an unsaturated fat molecule Oleic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid cis double bond causes bending

Phospholipids Make up the cell membrane and membranous organelles. Are composed of two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone. Have a polar “head” and a non-polar (neutral) “tail”.

Fig (b) Space-filling model (a)(c) Structural formula Phospholipid symbol Fatty acids Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Choline Phosphate Glycerol Hydrophobic tails Hydrophilic head

Fig Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail WATER

Emulsification

Steroids Commonly act as hormones that will “turn on” or “turn off” genes. Are made of four fused carbon rings and differ mostly because of their “attachments” (side branches) Can travel right through the cell membrane as they are non-polar.

Fig. 5-15

Spot the difference …

Fig Major endocrine glands: Adrenal glands Hypothalamus Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands Pancreas Kidney Ovaries Testes Organs containing endocrine cells: Thymus Heart Liver Stomach Kidney Small intestine

Fig Hormone (estradiol) Hormone-receptor complex Plasma membrane Estradiol (estrogen) receptor DNA Vitellogenin mRNA for vitellogenin

Nucleic Acids Have monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of a sugar attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Three Types DNA RNA ATP

Fig. 5-27ab 5' end 5'C 3'C 5'C 3'C 3' end (a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid (b) Nucleotide Nucleoside Nitrogenous base 3'C 5'C Phosphate group Sugar (pentose)

Fig end Nucleoside Nitrogenous base Phosphate group Sugar (pentose) (b) Nucleotide (a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid 3 end 3C3C 3C3C 5C5C 5C5C Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA)Uracil (U, in RNA) Purines Adenine (A)Guanine (G) Sugars Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA) (c) Nucleoside components: sugars

Fig. 5-27c-1 (c) Nucleotide components: nitrogenous bases Purines Guanine (G) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA)Uracil (U, in RNA) Nitrogenous bases Pyrimidines

Fig. 5-27c-2 Ribose (in RNA)Deoxyribose (in DNA) Sugars (c) Nucleoside components: sugars

DNARNA stays in nucleus. contains sections called genes which code for proteins (amino acid sequences). is the genetic material passed on to offspring during reproduction. is copied from our DNA. leaves nucleus to allow proteins to be made in the cytoplasm. is temporary as it is broken down shortly after being used.

Fig. 8-8 Phosphate groups Ribose Adenine ATP

Fig. 8-9 Inorganic phosphate Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) P P P PP P + + H2OH2O i

Fig Proteins Carbohydrates Amino acids Sugars Fats GlycerolFatty acids Glycolysis Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3- Pyruvate P NH 3 Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation

Fig. 5-UN2

Fig. 5-UN2a

Fig. 5-UN2b