‘Forging a Nation’ - Linda Colley Britons From 1707 Both the creation of a strong and vibrant Nation-state commercial opportunity (of Empire, in large part) religious security constitutional freedoms domestic security freedom from invasion and, a shotgun marriage – defined by enforcement within and against ‘other’

Union Flag of the United Kingdom it became united, but not always (or ever) so

So what worked: All nations are, in part, defined by what they are not Specific context in early-modern era included devising mechanisms of control Revised role, and renewed popularity of the monarchy Material change

Getting ‘forged’ Regicide 1. between 1649 and 1660 England was a republic 2.never purely political: important religious dimensions regional, factional differences in England between England, Scotland and Ireland between England and continental powers Lord Protector and Head of State ( ) 3. Oliver Cromwell – government by military a conservative Calvinist

Restoration and Revolution Charles II restored to laws of 1649 exclusion crisis of deathbed conversion succeeded by his brother, James II William and a New Order 1688 landed in Devon James fell apart; declared an abdication William and Mary declared monarchs Glorious Revolution – peaceful (?)

But, in a constitutional monarchy legislation is necessary, to create the laws by which the parliament, and the monarchy rule * This is big *

It was about peace Bill of Rights of 1689limited the sovereign’s power, reaffirmed parliament’s right to tax and legislate Catholics excluded from monarchy The Toleration Act of 1689 Protestant non-conformists freedom of worship not Catholics (who are non-Conformists? And why does it matter?) 1701 Act of Settlement to secure Protestant succession 1702 Queen Anne Princess Sophia, Electress of Hanover George I Crown ? less powerful than in 1649:fiscal resources strong civil service growing

Be suspicious of synthesis in history…. Nothing was quiet, really: arguments regarding the right to political participation religious divisions remained ethnic/national tensions remained but other developments – money from growth in empire material over theory? Where does this leave the Acts of Union?

The ‘glorious’ revolution in Scotland The response in 1698: ‘Jesus Christ is the only Head and King of this church’ – General Assembly Enduring Jacobism Oath of Allegiance by 1691 ‘massacre at Glencoe’ Economic relations: the Darien Scheme the Wine Act the Act Anent Peace and War Act of Security

‘this nation, being poor and without force to protect its commerce, cannot reap great advantage by it, till it partake of the trade and protection of some powerful neighbor nations’ English Alien Act (1705) – foreign nation with no right to trade with Britain the trump Settlement:one single parliament, 45 MPs Scots; 16 Lords 1/12 MPs [1::5 million citizens] 15 of 25 articles about trade free trade for political independence

Y Deddfau Uno, 1535 a 1542 “the people of the same dominion have and do daily use a speche nothing like ne consonant to the naturall mother tonge used within this Realme” …. “utterly to extirpe alle and singular sinister usages and customs belonging to Wales.

and across the Irish Sea? Trinity College Dublin est ‘Battle of the Boyne’ Wyck c.1693

How does ‘other’ define a nation? In this ‘imagined community’: consisting of its own various ethnicities Wars were of central importance:avoided major invasion avoided conscription created consensus Paton, Sir Joseph Noel. In Memoriam Continental Wars:with France who supported the Stuarts Seven Years War supported American colonists after 1778 colonial conflicts: N.A., south Asia, Africa, Mediterranean Napoleonic Wars (unattributed) 18C French print

Britain forged by: the heat of economic power pounded by a malet of military might when necessary Cooled and hardened by culture, law and the desire for lasting peace