Japan

Complete the Atlas: From Imperial to Feudal Japan After Exam: Complete the Atlas: From Imperial to Feudal Japan

Assignments: Map: recreate p. 319 Write: answer question #1 about the Samurai (You don’t have to role play )

Chinese influences on the Japanese court: Modeled capital city after China (1 location) Emperors sought both spiritual and political powers Adopted aspects of Chinese government: Confucian calendar, and legal ideas Chinese character script adopted by courts. Architecture: curving tile roofs became popular in the homes of aristocrats. A Divine Emperor: The Spiritual Leader of Japan Prior to 400 A.D., clans ruled separate areas of Japan. Emperor considered descendant of Sun Goddess and most important person in Shinto (native religion). Emperor respected for religious, not political power.

Rise of Provincial Nobles Were rugged, independent, led private armies. Became more powerful as court nobles isolated themselves. Constantly battled with one another over control of provinces (a province is an outlying area)

Mongol invasions (1185 – 1333 A.D.) Threat from outside Mongol invasions (1185 – 1333 A.D.) Kublai Khan wanted to subjugate Korea and Japan: sent 450 ships & 15,000 troops to Japan. A typhoon (hurricane) destroyed them. 7 years later, he tried again. Another typhoon destroyed them as well. Japanese called this, “Divine Wind” or Kamikaze.

Aftermath of Mongol Invasions Sense of national unity developed Japanese felt their culture was superior Samurai warriors began to dominate society Took control of government, creating a Bakufu, a military government. Emperor acted only as religious leader.

Bakufu Shogun: Military and political leader of Japan Daimyo: High-ranking samurai lords who provided shogun with warriors in exchange for land Samurai: Lower-ranking warriors who served their daimyo in exchange for Small manors Peasants: Lowest class: worked land for their lord

The Unification of Japan Shoguns rule Japan, 12th-16th centuries Large landholders with private armies Emperor merely a figurehead Constant civil war: 16th century sengoku, “country at war” Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) establishes military government Bakufu: “tent government” Establishes Tokugawa dynasty (1600-1867)

Tokugawa Japan, 1600-1867

Control of Daimyo (“Great Names”) Approximately 260 powerful territorial lords Independent militaries, judiciaries, schools, foreign relations, etc. From capital Edo (Tokyo), shogun requires “alternate attendance”: daimyo forced to spend every other year at court Controlled marriage, socializing of daimyo families Beginning 1630s, shoguns restrict foreign relations Travel, import of books forbidden Policy strictly maintained for 200 years

Economic Growth in Japan End of civil conflict contributes to prosperity New crop strains, irrigation systems improve agricultural production Yet population growth moderate Contraception, late marriage, abortion Infanticide: “thinning out the rice shoots”

Population Growth

Social Change End of civil disturbances create massive unemployment of Daimyo, Samurai warriors Encouraged to join bureaucracy, scholarship Many declined to poverty Urban wealthy classes develop from trade activity

Neo-Confucianism in Japan Chinese cultural influence extends through Tokugawa period Chinese language essential to curriculum Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism remains popular “Native Learning” also popular in 18th century Folk traditions, Shinto

Floating Worlds (ukiyo) Urban culture expressed in entertainment, pleasure industries Marked contrast to bushido ethic of Stoicism Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693), The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love Kabuki theatre, men playing women’s roles Bunraku puppet theatre

Christianity in Japan Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549 Remarkable success among daimyo Daimyo also hoping to establish trade relations with Europeans Government backlash Fear of foreign intrusion Confucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639 restricts Christianity, executes staunch Christians Sometimes by crucifixion

Persecution of Catholics

Dutch Learning Dutch presence at Nagasaki principal route for Japanese understanding of the world Before ban on foreign books lifted (1720), Japanese scholars study Dutch to approach European science, medicine, art

Transformation of Japan Japanese society in turmoil in early 19th century Poor agricultural output, famines, high taxes Daimyo, samurai classes decline, peasants starve Tokugawa government attempts reforms, 1841-1843 Cancelled daimyo, samurai debts Abolished merchant guilds Compelled peasants to return to cultivating rice Reforms ineffective

Foreign Pressure Europeans, Americans attempting to establish relations U.S. in particular look for Pacific ports for whalers, merchants Japan only allowed Dutch presence in Nagasaki 1853 Matthew Perry sails gunship up to Edo (Tokyo), forces Japanese to open port Sparks conservative Japanese reaction against Shogun, rally around Emperor in Kyoto

The Meiji Restoration (1868) Brief civil war between imperial and Tokugawa forces 1868 Emperor Mutusuhito (Meiji, 1852-1912) takes power Goals of prosperity and strength: “rich country, strong army” Resolved to learn western technology

Meiji Reforms Travelers Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) and Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909) travel to U.S., Europe Argue for adoption of western legal proceedings, technology Meiji government removes privileges for daimyo, samurai Conscript army replaces samurai mercenaries Samurai rebellion crushed by national army Tax reform: payment in cash, not kind

Constitutional Government 1889 constitution promulgated Conservative: only 5 % of male population allowed to vote in 1890 election Economic reforms to promote rapid industrialization Dramatic improvement in literacy rates Government holdings sold to private investors: zaibatsu, financial cliques develop

By 1890, Japan has strong navy and large army Japan Ends Its Isolation The Demand for Foreign Trade Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)—Japan opens two ports to American ships By 1860, Japan has trade agreements with many nations Meiji Reform and Modernization Anger over these trade deals forces shogun to step down in 1867 Meiji era—time of reform begun by Meiji emperor, Mutsuhito Meiji emperor reforms, modernizes using Western models By early 1900s, Japan has industrialized, is competitive with West Military Strength By 1890, Japan has strong navy and large army In 1894, Japan gets Western nations to give up special rights

End Current Unit The rest will be covered and assessed in the last unit on the 1900s

Japan Attacks China Japan forces Korea to open three ports to Japanese trade in 1876 In 1885, Japan and China agree not to send troops to Korea In 1894, China sends troops to put down rebellion in Korea Japan drives Chinese out of Korea, gains Chinese territory Russo-Japanese War In 1903, Japan and Russia begin struggle over Manchuria Japan attacks Russia in 1904, launching Russo-Japanese War In 1905, treaty ends the war; Japan gains captured territories Japanese Occupation of Korea Japan makes Korea a protectorate in 1905 In 1910, Japan completes annexation of Korea Japan rules harshly in Korea, leading to growing Korean nationalism Dec. 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor (oil)

Pacific Theater U.S. had been fighting Japan in the Pacific some, but after the war was over in Europe, it was full force. The campaign was called Island Hopping. Navajo Code Talkers and the Marines were the main forces in the Pacific, although all branches participated.

The Island Hopping campaign was unlike any other combat. Flame throwers, jungle fighting, disease (malaria), and an enemy that would not quit. Explosions and close fighting were common. (Daisy cutters)

August 6, 1945 – Hiroshima destroyed August 9, 1945 – Nagasaki destroyed. Japanese surrendered, WWII ends. President Truman ordered the bomb dropped to save lives.