Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedStrangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The Push-Pull Factors Push factors are those negative factors elements that discourage one from remaining  Peasant life was especially harsh in Europe  Political and economic unrest in Europe encouraged the exodus Pull factors are positive inducements that lure people to seek a better life elsewhere  Letters from friends or relatives already in the U.S. were eagerly read and circulated among villagers  Positive economic opportunities in the US

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Although immigrant groups segregated themselves socially from one another, outsiders saw them mainly as unacculturated strangers and tended to lump them together Negative reactions to incoming minority groups had occurred before, but now it was based on physical features The Haymarket Affair was perhaps the single most important factor inciting a xenophobic reaction against all immigrants

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE POLES The effects of culture shock can be seen in many immigrants writing and records of courts and social service agencies Not all Poles desired assimilation, however, many wanted the church to reflect Polish culture

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE POLES In 2000, 9 million Americans claimed Polish ancestry New Polish immigrants still arrive—more than 172,000 in the 1990s and over 109,000 between 2000 and Each year, over a third of the new arrivals choose the Chicago metropolitan area as their intended settlement area

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE RUSSIANS The peak Russian migration occurred between 1881 and 1914 Labor unrest and radical agitation during that period caused a strong xenophobic reaction against many foreigners Altogether, about 163,000 new immigrants came to the United States between 1921 and 1990

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE RUSSIANS That number was surpassed in the 1990s with the arrival of more than 433,427 Russian immigrants Between 2000 and 2008 an additional 435,585 Russian immigrants arrived

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE UKRAINIANS The Ukrainians are among the nationalities who regained independence following the dissolution of the Soviet Union They have a language and culture distinct from the Russians’ and have always maintained their own group identity In 1948 Congress passed the Displaced Persons Act, allowing homeless people from war-ravaged Europe to enter

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE HUNGARIANS In the late 19 th century, the U.S. was seeking industrial workers A sizeable number of turn-of-the century immigrants originally came a sojourners, but most eventually stayed

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE HUNGARIANS In the 1950s a different group of Hungarians came to the U.S. for political reasons In 1956 Congress passed special legislation to circumvent the restrictive national quotas and airlifted refugees and gave them temporary shelter

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE ITALIANS Strong hostility against Italian immigrants sometimes resulted in violence and even deaths The Italians settled mainly in urban “Little Italys” First generation Italian Americans retained much of their language and customs The second generation became more Americanized, which produced a strain between the two generations

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE ITALIANS Today, Italian Americans still find themselves the target of prejudicial accusations and stereotypes

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE GREEKS Most of the Greeks who came to the U.S. in the early 20 th century did not expect to stay long Today, Greek Americans are a model of a nationality group that has been accepted by the dominant group, yet has also retained a strong pride in its ethnicity

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE GREEKS New Greek arrivals are low, about 1,200 annually, but the Greek American community retains its ethnic vitality, and its church and festivals provide continuing sources of ethnic pride and identity

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE GYPSIES Gypsies are perhaps the most elusive U.S. minority The numbers range from less than 100,000 to more than 1 million Census and immigration authorities have never kept official records of Gypsies Their major distinguishing characteristics are language (Romany) and culture At the core of Gypsy culture is the family

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE PORTUGUESE In the 18th and 19th centuries, Portuguese immigrants primarily settled in New England The Portuguese in Hawaii assimilated, whereas those in California, encountering little conflict, retained their ethnic identity to a much greater extent

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved THE ARMENIANS Armenians have a long cultural heritage because of their resilience in maintaining their cultural identity Their language and religion are two contributing factors Another important factor in Armenian cohesiveness has been family life Today the U.S. is home to more than 1 million Armenians Approximately half live in California

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved IMMIGRANT WOMEN AND WORK Cultural norms dictated that married women should not work outside the home Typically, the wife’s role was to maintain the house

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved IMMIGRANT WOMEN AND WORK At the turn of the 19 th century, most of the women who worked were young and single About 1/3 of all employed females at this time were blue-collar workers, 1/3 were domestic workers, and 1/3 were white-collar workers (and were not usually immigrants)

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Functionalist View The arrival of large numbers of immigrants served the rapidly industrializing nation well Immigrants provided a valuable labor pool to meet the needs of an expanding economy, enabling the U.S. to emerge as an industrial giant Unemployment during this era (1880 to 1920) was not a problem, and the poor of Europe were able to build a better life for themselves in the U.S.

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Conflict View The conflict perspective focuses on the use and abuse of power U.S. industrialists exploited immigrant workers from southern, central, and eastern Europe, maximizing profits by minimizing wages and maintaining poor working conditions Change resulted from conflict, from class consciousness, and from an unrelenting social movement against entrenched economic interests

Strangers to These Shores, Tenth Edition by Vincent N. Parrillo©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The Interactionist View Industrialization, urbanization, economic exploitation, and a host of other factors may have created the social problems regarding the southern, central, and eastern European immigrants, but the native born tended to see only the symptoms manifested in the immigrant communities, believing such conditions had not existed until these immigrants came