Scaling Up Carbon and Carbonate Production to Regional Scales with Landsat 7 ETM+ Christopher S. Moses (USF) Serge Andréfouët (IRD) Frank Muller-Karger.

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Presentation transcript:

Scaling Up Carbon and Carbonate Production to Regional Scales with Landsat 7 ETM+ Christopher S. Moses (USF) Serge Andréfouët (IRD) Frank Muller-Karger (UMass) Christine Kranenburg (USF) NOAA Think Tank #5: Ocean Acidification 3-7 Dec. 2007, Little Cayman Research Center

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Outline Driving questions Millennium Coral Reef Map Location Scaling up carbon and carbonate production Conclusions What’s next and what’s needed

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Questions Can remote sensing produce reasonably accurate estimates of production over regional scales ( km 2 )? Can the Millennium Map geomorphologic classes serve as proxies for production in areas with poor imagery or no data for validation?

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Previous Scaling-up Work Atkinson & Grigg (1984) –French Frigate Shoals –Aerial photography –3 classes Andréfouët & Payri (2001) –Moorea –SPOT (20 m resolution) –9 classes Brock et al. (2006) –Biscayne National Park –ASTER (15 m), IKONOS (4 m), AISA (~1.5 m) –4 classes Andréfouët & Payri (2001)

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Caribbean Region Scenes

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Landsat 7 ETM+: Full Scene ~180 km Path 14, Row Feb. 2000

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Millennium Map: Little Cayman

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Measuring Production Several methods –Geochemical –Growth rate, density aka: census based –Net accretion Geochemical measurements –Single points or arrays –Total alkalinity (TA), pH –pCO 2, HCO 3 -, or  CO 2 –  O 2 Yates & Halley (2003)

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Scaling-Up Production Assumptions: –In situ values are representative over larger areas –Production is linearly scalable P patch reef = (F sand x P sand ) + (F dense live x P dense live )… + (F i x P i )

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec North Florida Reef Tract Landsat 7 ETM+ 5 Feb 2000

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec In situ Production Values PREP/RG Class (g C m -2 d -1 ) (g CaCO 3 m -2 d -1 ) Sand Seagrass Sparse seagrass* Dense live substrate Sparse live substrate

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec NFRT Biotope Classification Brock et al. (2006)

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec NFRT Spatial Production

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Unit P, R, P/R, and G SensorPREP/RG (g C m -2 d -1 ) (g CaCO 3 m -2 d -1 ) AISA IKONOS ASTER AISA corrected L7 NFRT total Net heterotrophic Net CO 2 sink Net Dissolution

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Accuracy of L (±2.3%) accuracy over entire NFRT Most TD >1.80 Lowest TD (0.63) between shallow dense live and deep sparse live Sand is most easily misclassified

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Proxy Stability Millennium Coral Reef Map PREP/RG Class (g C m -2 d -1 ) (g CaCO 3 m -2 d -1 ) Intra-seas patch reef complex (#568) Shelf terrace (#781) Cross shelf (#793)

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Sensitivity Analysis Max Likelihood Mahalanobis Dist.

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Conclusions Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery can produce accurate biotope classifications and production estimates at regional scales Millennium Map classes can be used as proxies in areas with poor bathymetric control and little validation Limitations: –Dependent on accuracy of in situ observations –Greater numbers of classes decrease accuracy –MM classes only regionally applicable

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Needs and Next Steps Better spatial coverage of in situ measurements of production –Keystone sites?? Accurate measurements in deeper (>10 m) water depths –New technologies Integration into more complex models Hochberg & Atkinson (2007)

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec. 2007

Significance Reefs fringe ~15% of world’s coastlines High biodiversity –>2,000 reef fishes –>800 species of corals Roberts, et al., 2002 ~58% are threatened by human activities Ginsburg, et al., 1994 ~30% decline in calcification at 560  atm CO 2 –Ω arag ~ 2.29 Kleypas, et al. (2006) Need for ecosystem-based management approaches Loreau, et al. (2003)

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Previous Reef Maps Solomon Islands

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Millennium Coral Reef Map Solomon Islands

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Millennium Global Coral Reef Map

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Geomorphic classes 30-meter resolution Millennium Map: Palau

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec NFRT Calcification (G)

C.S. Moses, Think Tank #5, Dec Unit P, R, P/R, and G SensorPREP/RG (g C m -2 d -1 ) (g CaCO 3 m -2 d -1 ) AISA IKONOS ASTER AISA corrected L7 NFRT total Net heterotrophic: x 10 8 kg C yr -1 Net CO 2 sink: ~753 tons yr -1 Net Dissolution: 1.68 x 10 6 kg CaCO 3 yr -1