WRAP Fugitive Dust Emission Summary and Evaluation (AoH Phase II/TSS Task 7b) ENVIRON International Corporation 15 November 2005 Tempe, AZ

Outline Project Objectives Fugitive Dust Source Categories Emission Estimation Methodologies 2002 Annual County-level Summaries 2002 Annual Gridded Summaries PM2.5/PM10 Ratios Next Steps

Project Objectives Summarize all fugitive dust emission sources Evaluate dust emissions for reasonableness and consistency – Review estimation methodologies (AP-42, State/local studies, regional models, etc..) – Review fine fraction (PM10/PM2.5) Develop SCC-level summaries: – County-level – Model-ready, gridded Develop summaries by geographic region Consider 2002 and 2018 EIs

Fugitive Dust Source Categories Agricultural Dust – Harvesting – Tilling – Transport – Feedlots Construction Dust – Mining/Quarrying – Road Construction – Residential – Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Road Dust – Paved – Unpaved Windblown Dust

Estimation Methodologies Agricultural Tilling – 2002 NEI grown from 1998 Growth factors vary by tilling type (0.77 – 1.16) – Activity is acres tilled by type and crop (from CTIC) – EF = 4.8*k*s 0.6 *p k=particle size multiplier (PM10 = 0.21; PM2.5 = 0.042) S = silt content (USDA data; varies by soil type) P = # of passes/tilling per year (varies by crop) – E = EF * A

Estimation Methodologies Construction – Residential – Emissions are function of acres disturbed and volume of soil excavated (varies by type of structure) – Activity data (housing starts by structure type) from Dept. of Commerce – Emission factors vary by structure type and duration of construction (0.011 tons PM10/acre-month – 0.11 tons PM10/acre-month) – Adjustments applied for soil moisture, silt content and control efficiency

Estimation Methodologies Construction – Non- Residential – Emissions are function of acres disturbed – Activity data (value of construction in $MM, allocated from national to county based on employment statistics) from Dept. of Commerce – Number of acres disturbed estimated as 1.55 acres/$MM applied to county-level construction valuation data – Emission factor = 0.19 tons/acre/month (assumed 11 month construction duration) – Adjustments applied for soil moisture, silt content and control efficiency

Estimation Methodologies Road Construction – Emissions are function of acres disturbed; developed from FHWA data – State-level new miles of road construction from 2002 FHWA state expenditure data by road type – Converted to $/mile using NCDOT conversion data; converted to acres disturbed/mile by road type – State data allocated to county based on residential building starts – Emission factor = 0.42 tons/acre/month; assumed 12 month duration – Adjustments applied for soil moisture, silt content and control efficiency

Estimation Methodologies Paved Road Dust – Uncontrolled emissions estimated at state level by roadway class and month – Calculated as State/Roadway class VMT * TAF * EF – Spatially allocated to counties based using VMT surrogate – Controls applied to Non-Attainment counties – EF = [k*(sL/2) 0.65 *(W/3) 1.5 -C]*[1-P/(4*N)] k= particle size multiplier (PM10 = 7.3;PM2.5 = 1.8) sL = silt loading W= avg. vehicle weight C = EF for 1980 fleet N= # days in month P= # days with precip. > 0.01 in – Annual VMT data from FHWA Statistics – County emissions = State Emissions * (VMT county /VMT State ) – Assumed control measure: Vacuum sweeping twice/month; 79% control efficiency.; Rule penetration varies by roadway class and NA status; 100% Rule Effectiveness

Estimation Methodologies Unpaved Road Dust – Uncontrolled emissions estimated at state level by roadway class and month – Calculated as State/Roadway class VMT * TAF * EF – Spatially allocated to counties based using 1990 rural population surrogate – Controls applied to Non-Attainment counties – EF = [k*(s/12) a *(SPD/30) b ]/(M/0.5) c -C k= particle size multiplier (PM10 = 0.27;PM2.5 = 1.8) s = silt loading SPD = mean vehicle speed M = moisture content C = EF for 1980 fleet a,b,c = empirical constants – EF adjusted for precip: Ef corr = EF * [(D-p)/D)] D = # days in month P = # days with precip > 0.01 in.

Estimation Methodologies Unpaved Road Dust (continued) – Annual VMT data from FHWA Statistics Separate estimates for county and non-county roadways County-maintained VMT by road type and ADTV State/Federal-maintained VMT by arterial classification; county-maintained VMT used – Annual VMT estimates allocated seasonally and monthly – County emissions = State Emissions * (Rural Pop. county /Rural Pop. State ) – Assumed control measures vary by Non-Attainment classification (paving and/or chemical stabilization). Control efficiency, rule penetration and rule effectiveness vary

Estimation Methodologies Windblown Dust – WRAP Phase II WB Dust Model – 2000 Landuse/Landcover data BELD3 county-level crop percentages – STATSGO Soils data – 2002 MM5 Meteorology (36- and 12-km) – Latest Transport Fractions (EPA, 2005) – PMC/PMF = 0.9/0.1

RPO-Specific Revisions/Enhancements WRAP – Road Dust – Developed by ENVIRON. CA emissions interpolated from previous EI development Unpaved VMT based on NET96 updated with state survey results VMT data adjusted based on Clark Co. ADTV revisions factor Silt loading from IL State Water Survey Precipitation data from NCDC Applicable control measures from State survey results – Agricultural Dust - Developed by ERG based on 2002 draft NEI (gap-filled by EPA/Pechan). Additional state submissions included as part of WRAP EI Update process. – Construction Dust NEI estimates submitted by States

RPO-Specific Revisions/Enhancements CENRAP – Agricultural Dust – Developed by STI based on local activity data, county-level silt loading and tilling practices, monthly allocation by state. Includes some livestock feedlot dust emissions – Construction and Road Dust from 2002 NEI VISTAS – 2002 NEI State submissions for all sources MWRPO – Agricultural and Construction Dust (IL & IN only) - Based on 2002 State CERR data – Road Dust – WRAP 2002 inventory data – All Fugitive dust emissions dramatically reduce through application of transport fractions (90%-97%). Based on monitoring data analyzed by LADCO MANE-VU – 2002 NEI for all dust sources

2002 Fugitive Dust Inventory

Spatial Distribution of Fugitive Dust Emissions

Proposed Revisions to Fine Fraction Ratios Used for AP-42 Fugitive Dust Emission Factors Source CategoryAP-42 Section PM2.5/PM10 Ratio CurrentProposed Paved Roads Unpaved Roads Construction & Demolition Aggregate Handling/Storage Piles (traffic) 0.15 (transfer) Industrial Wind Erosion Agricultural Tilling

PM2.5/PM10 Ratios

PM2.5/PM10 Ratios from Gridded Data

Next Steps Revise PM2.5/PM10 fractions (??) Evaluate/Summarize Revisions for Base02a Evaluate 2018 inventory Prepare Technical Memorandum