Supporting standards comprise 35% of the U. S. History Test 5 (B) & (C)

What is a “Muckraker”?

During the late 1890’s and early years of the 1900’s, newspapers, magazines and books began scathing attacks on the abuses of the new order (child labor, urban political machines, corrupt government, industrial labor abuses and poor working conditions, etc.). In 1906, Theodore Roosevelt applied the term “muckraker” to those who exposed the pungent scandals and misconduct of the period. Muckraking flourished from 1903 to 1909.

Supporting Standard (5) The student understands the effects of reform & third-party movements in the early 20 th century. The Student is expected to: (B) Evaluate the impact of muckrakers & reform leaders such as Upton Sinclair, Susan B. Anthony, Ida B. Wells, & W. E. B. DuBois on American Society

Supporting Standard (5) The student understands the effects of reform & third-party movements in the early 20 th century. The Student is expected to: (B) 1 Evaluate the impact of Upton Sinclair on American Society

Upton Sinclair Sinclair ( —left) wrote The Jungle (1906) about working in meat packinghouses. It was the single most significant work of the muckrakers. It led to legislation that regulated the food and drug industry (meat inspection bills and the Second Food and Drug Act). The severity of the regulation involved the government in private industry as it had not been before.

Supporting Standard (5) The student understands the effects of reform & third-party movements in the early 20 th century. The Student is expected to: (B) 1 Evaluate the impact of Susan B. Anthony on American Society A prominent American civil rights leader & feminist who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women’s rights movement to introduce women’s suffrage into the U. S. Co-founder of the first Women's Temperance Movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton as President. Traveled the United States and Europe, and averaged 75 to 100 speeches per year.

Supporting Standard (5) The student understands the effects of reform & third-party movements in the early 20 th century. The Student is expected to: (B) 1 Evaluate the impact of Ida B. Wells on American Society An African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist and, with her husband, newspaper owner Ferdinand L. Barnett An early leader in the civil rights movement Documented lynchings in the U. S. lynching, showing how it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competed with whites

Supporting Standard (5) The student understands the effects of reform & third-party movements in the early 20 th century. The Student is expected to: (B) 1 Evaluate the impact of W. E. B DuBois on American Society

The Niagara Movement and W. E. B. DuBois African-American sociologist W. E. B DuBois convened a gathering on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls to form a plan for obtaining better treatment for blacks In 1903, DuBois published The Souls of Black Folk, calling for justice and equality

Other note- worthy Muck- rakers & reform leaders

The Muckrakers—the Journalistic Voice of the Progressive Movement Magazines, such as McClure’s, Collier’s and Cosmopolitan ran scathing attacks on government and business.

Writers like Lincoln Steffens, (right) assailed the unholy union of corrupt politics and business in their works of the early 20th century. Steffens’ collected writings—serialized in McClure‘s—later appeared in a single volume, The Shame of the Cities, 1904.

A caricature of the corruption of string-pulling big city politics—Lincoln Steffens—used by McClure’s to expose corruption in the big cities

Ida Tarbell, Tarbell wrote a long series of articles exposing the sins of Standard Oil in McClure’s.

Supporting Standard (5) The student understands the effects of reform & third-party movements in the early 20 th century. The Student is expected to: (C) Evaluate the impact of third parties, including the Populist & Progressive parties

Supporting Standard (5) The student understands the effects of reform & third-party movements in the early 20 th century. The Student is expected to: (C) Evaluate the impact of third parties, including the Populist Party (see also 3 A) It was most important in , and then rapidly faded away. Based among poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama, and Texas) and hard- pressed wheat farmers in the plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), it represented a radical crusading reform, agrarianism, and hostility to banks, railroads, and elites generally.

Two Things Led to the Dissolution of the People’s Party: Improvements in the financial conditions that led to the party’s rise The absorption of party by the Democrats who in 1896 embraced a leader— William Jennings Bryan—that became the voice & spokesperson for the same causes that created the Populist movement.

Supporting Standard (5) The student understands the effects of reform & third-party movements in the early 20 th century. The Student is expected to: (C) 2 Evaluate the impact of third parties, including the Progressive Party (see also 5 A)

Comlements Readiness Standard (5) The Student understands the effects of reform and third-party movements in the early 20 th century

Split in the Republican Party Theodore Roosevelt tried to get the Republican nomination, but failed. He then split with the Republican Party and formed the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party. This new party had a bold progressive platform called “New Nationalism.” It was radical and called for women’s suffrage and minimum wage.

The “Back from Elba” movement pushed for TR’s re-entry into the political fray. “Delighted Democrats looked on as Taft and Roosevelt fought for the Republican nomination. As the incumbent president, Taft controlled the party machinery, and when the Republican convention met in June 1912, he took the nomination.”

Progressive Republicans re- convened after the party nominated Taft. They formed themselves into an new “Progressive Party”—a.k.a., the “Bull Moose” Party— and selected TR as their candidate. Thus evolved “the fist important three- cornered presidential contest since 1860.”

Election of 1912 Taft the Republican Roosevelt of the “Bull Moose” Party Wilson the Democrat

Election of 1912 Wilson 6.29 million 435 Roosevelt 4.1 million 88 Taft 3.5 million 8 Theodore Roosevelt split the Republican vote & handed the election to Democrat Wilson.

Similarly, the election of 1992 also ensured a rather unlikely victory for Democrat challenger Bill Clinton over incumbent George H. W. Bush. Texas businessman H. Ross Perot entered the race as a conservative challenger and split the Republican vote.

All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout55.2% NomineeBill Clinton George H. W. Bush H. Ross Perot PartyDemocratRepublicanIndependent Home stateArkansasTexas Running mateAl GoreDan QuayleJames Stockdale Electoral vote States carried32 + DC180 Popular vote44,909,80639,104,55019,743,821 Percentage43.0%37.5%18.9% Bush wins with popular votes give to Perot

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