Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. Edited by Elizabeth Rieger Images, Figures and Tables Chapter Abnormal Psychology Leading Researcher Perspectives

Digital retouching of images in the media can result in people developing unrealistic standards regarding physical appearance. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-2 iStock

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-3

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-4

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-5

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-6

The Italian womenswear brand Nolita marked the 2007 Milan Fashion Week with billboards and newspaper advertisements featuring a woman with anorexia nervosa. These advertisements drew attention to the possible role of media depictions of thin fashion models in contributing to the development of anorexia nervosa. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-7 AFP/Getty Images

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Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-9 Figure 1 According to the Dual Pathway Model, binge eating episodes are triggered by dietary restriction, negative affect or both (dark arrows). Binge eating episodes in turn result in increased dieting and negative affect (light arrows), thus increasing the likelihood of further binge eating

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-10

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-11

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al Figure 2 The drawings used in a study assessing obesity stigma in children, which included a child with no visible disabilities, one holding crutches, one sitting in a wheelchair, one with no left hand, one with a facial disfigurement, and one who was obese

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al Figure 3 The percentage of patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) (Agras et al., 2000) and binge eating disorder (BED) (Wilfley et al., 2002) who had recovered after receiving cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) or interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) both immediately after treatment and one year later

Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al An example webpage from the internet-based eating disorders prevention program ‘Student Bodies’. Courtesy Stanford University

Proposed changes for eating disorders in DSM-V Anorexia nervosa: The amenorrhoea criterion is to be removed since, firstly, individuals may have all of the other features of anorexia nervosa yet report at least some menstrual activity and, secondly, this criterion cannot be applied to all individuals with anorexia nervosa (e.g., males or pre- menarchal females). The criterion regarding ‘an intense fear of weight gain’ is to be expanded to also include those underweight individuals engaging in ‘persistent behaviour to avoid weight gain’. Maguire, Touyz, Surgenor, Lacey, and Le Grange (in press) recently proposed that a staging system based on the severity of symptoms (similar to the staging system used for categorising cancer of different levels of severity) be included in the DSM-V Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al.

Proposed changes for eating disorders in DSM-V (continued) Bulimia nervosa: The non-purging subtype is to be removed since individuals with this subtype are similar to those with binge eating disorder. The frequency for binge eating and/or compensatory behaviours is to be reduced to at least once weekly (rather than twice weekly). Binge Eating Disorder will likely appear as a disorder in its own right, with the binge eating occurring at least once weekly for at least three months (comparable to the planned change for bulimia nervosa). Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-16

Chapter 6 Summary Three eating disorders are recognised in the DSM-IV-TR: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Eating disorders predominantly affect females, although this gender difference is less pronounced for binge eating disorder. Eating disorders are associated with a range of comorbid psychological disorders and medical problems, some of which may be life threatening. Research suggests that a range of biological, psychological and social factors is likely involved in the aetiology of eating disorders. Much focus has been on neurotransmitter systems (e.g., serotonin) and hormones (e.g., leptin) known to be associated with the regulation of appetite and fullness. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-17

Chapter 6 Summary (continued) Psychological factors believed to trigger dieting and binge eating include low self esteem, body dissatisfaction, self-esteem that is heavily based on shape and weight, mood disturbance and personality traits such as perfectionism. Social factors that are likely to contribute are disturbances in family functioning, negative comments regarding shape or weight, and cultural attitudes. In terms of treatment, most research has been conducted on bulimia nervosa for which there is strong evidence supporting the effectiveness of CBT over other psychological and pharmacological approaches. Few randomised controlled trials have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for anorexia nervosa, although preliminary evidence suggests that motivational enhancement therapy, CBT, family therapy, and even supportive clinical management are of benefit. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-18

Chapter 6 Summary (continued) While still at an early stage, research has already identified a range of effective treatments for binge eating disorder including self-help approaches, CBT, interpersonal psychotherapy and behavioural weight-loss programs. Medication does not appear to have a central role in the treatment of eating disorders but may be useful to treat accompanying psychological problems (such as depression) or if the patient does not respond sufficiently to psychological treatment. Identifying the most effective approaches for enhancing motivation of individuals who deeply value and hence are strongly attached to their symptoms remains a challenge. Finally, identifying the optimal strategies for preventing eating disorders is a high priority. Copyright © 2011 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs t/a Abnormal Psychology: Leading Researcher Perspectives 2e by Rieger et al. 6-19