Coping with water scarcity Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines.

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Presentation transcript:

Coping with water scarcity Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Baños, Philippines

Reduce seepage, percolation, evaporation 1 Land preparation 2 Crop establishment 3 Crop growth period Reducing nonproductive outflows

1. Land preparation (get basics right) Field channels for irrigation and drainage Land leveling Crack plowing Soil compaction Good puddling Good bund establishment

Plot-to-plot irrigation: difficult to control water depth and terminal drainage

=> construct field canals

Effect of uneven fields: Submerged spots Drought spots Weed growth Uneven nutrient distribution

Wet land levelling

Modern technology: Laser-guided leveling

Cracks before land preparation Rapid “bypass flow”

Shallow tillage to plough cracks

Water use in land preparation, Bulacan, 1993

Thorough puddling One hole is plug out of bathtub!

Construct good bunds; plaster well. Check during season!

Rat hole in bund

Bund lining

Lining of bunds: 450 mm less water used Water input, including land preparation (mm) IRRI farm DS IrrigationRainfall

Innovative farmer in Mekong Delta, Vietnam

2. Crop establishment Short land preparation phase Communal seed beds Efficient use of rainfall (cropping calendar) Crop establishment: Direct wet seeding Direct dry seeding Zero till

Lump into community seed beds

W TP > W WS Land preparation SoakingSowingTransplanting Main field Seedbed Main field SowingSoaking Transplanting Wet seeding Effect of direct seeding

Direct wet seeding

Direct wet seeding: drum seeder

Direct dry seeding

Zero till in direct dry seeding

Amount of water applied to the field to produce 1 kg of rice (MUDA, Malaysia) Amount of water (kg) Transplanting Direct Seeding Effect of direct seeding

3. Crop growth period Good bund maintenance (e.g., rat holes) Reduced evaporation Reduced percolation and seepage through decrease pressure head Reduced ponded water depth Saturated soil culture Raised beds Alternate wetting and drying (separate) Aerobic rice (separate)

Keep ponded water depth at 5-10 cm or lower (reduced pressure head => less SP) Saturated soil culture: just keep soil at saturation (many small irrigation gifts) Keep 5-cm flooded around flowering! Water management during crop growth

YW in WP IR 5.02, , , , Guimba, Philippines, 1988

Yield (t ha -1 ) Water (mm) WP IR (g grain kg -1 water) Transplanted Flooded SSC Wet seeded Flooded SSC Saturated soil culture (SSC) Munoz, Philippines, 1991

Yield (t ha -1 ) Water (mm) WP IR (g grain kg -1 water) 1996 Flooded4.31, SSC4.21, Flooded4.71, SSC4.51, SSC in dry-seeded rice San Jose City, Philippines, 1991

30 cm 37 cm 15 cm 250 cm Raised beds; alternate irrigation (furrows); Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Rice-Wheat Consortium site Raised bed cultivation in India

Rice on raised beds to keep soil saturated Meerut and Ghaziabad (Delhi), India

Direct Seeded Transplanted Rice on raised beds; Punjab, India

Yield (t ha -1 ) Water (mm) WP IR (g grain kg -1 water) 2001 Flooded5.51, Beds FC3.21, Flat FC Flooded5.41, Beds FC Flat FC3.71, Raised and flat beds at Field Capacity Delhi, India

Extreme measures: reduce E by plastic film Experimentation in rice Some farmer adoption China: thousands of ha In North China Plain In upland crops (maize, cotton, melon,.)

Rice farmers adopting plastic film in Shiyan, China (6000 ha) Higher soil T => earlier establishment Less E Less weeds Higher yields

Applying film: make sure there is no air between film and soil Pierce holes for transplanting seedling

New machine development: can cover the film and pierce holes at the same time, operated by only one person

Irrigate through furrows: keep soil below saturation

Clear film from land after harvest. Waste disposal?