Module 28 Infancy and Childhood Chapter 9, Pages Essentials of Understanding Psychology- Sixth Edition PSY110 Psychology © Richard Goldman November 6, 2006

Newborn (Neonate) Reflexes – unlearned, involuntary responses  Rooting – Turn toward a touch on the cheek  Sucking  Gag  Startle – Noise  Babinski – Foot stroke

Motor Development 3.2 Months – Roll over 3.3 Months – Simple Grasp 5.9 Months – Sit 7.2 Months – Stand 8.2 Months – Finger-Thumb Grasp 11.5 Months – Stand 12.3 Months – Walk Flat 16.6 Months – Walk Stairs 23.8 Months – Jump

Development Large variations are normal Rapid development of senses  Full development takes many years  Long time compared to many other animals Physical Growth Rate (between 3yrs & 13yrs)  Weight – 5 pound/year  Height – 3 inches/year Fully grown at 14-15

Social Development Attachment – Bonding (imprinting in ducks)  Feedback loop between caregiver, “mother”, and baby  More attached babies are better adjusted Father’s role in rearing is increasing  20% are primary caregivers 2 years old  Less dependent on parent  Enjoy external stimulation – toys, friends 5 years old  Increased Play  More social interaction  Learning appropriate social interaction  Empathizes  Learning self control

Daycare 30% of children (~30 hours/week) 80% of children in 1 st year Daycare center may be more enriching than home  Good providers = good results  Poor providers = poor results

Parenting Styles Authoritarian  Strict Standards  Require unquestioning obedience  Unsociable, unfriendly, withdrawn Permissive  Relaxed Standards  Require little of child  Immature, moody, dependent, low self-control Authoritative  Firm Standards  Explain & discuss rules  Encourage Age-appropriate independence  Good social skills, likeable, self-reliant, independent Uninvolved  Provides food & shelter  Indifferent, rejecting behavior

Erick Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development StageAgesBasic ConflictImportant Event Summary 1. Oral-SensoryBirth to 12 to 18 months Trust vs. Mistrust FeedingThe infant must form a first loving, trusting relationship with the caregiver, or develop a sense of mistrust. 2. Muscular- Anal 18 months to 3 years Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Toilet TrainingThe child's energies are directed toward the development of physical skills, including walking, grasping, and rectal sphincter control. The child learns control but may develop and doubt if not handled well. 3. Locomotor3 to 6 years Initiative vs.GuiltIndependenceThe child continues to become more assertive and to take more initiative, but may be too forceful, leading to guilt feelings. 4. Latency6 to 12 years Industry vs. Inferiority SchoolThe child must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority, failure, and incompetence. 5. Adolescence12 to 18 years Identity vs. Role confusion Peer relationships The teenager must achieve a sense of identity in occupation, sex roles, politics, and religion. 6. Young Adulthood 19 to 40 years Intimacy vs. Isolation Love relationships The young adult must develop intimate relationships or suffer feelings of isolation. 7. Middle Adulthood 40 to 65 years Generativity vs. Stagnation ParentingEach adult must find some way to satisfy and support the next generation. 8. Maturity65 to death Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on and acceptance of one's life The culmination is a sense of oneself as one is, and of feeling fulfilled.

Piaget Cognitive Development 0-2 yrs – Sensorimotor  Develop motor skills  No object permanence 2-7 yrs – Preoperational  Language development  Egocentric 7-12 yrs - Concrete Operational  Conservation of matter  Understands reversibility 12-Adult - Formal Operational  Logical  Abstract

Lev Ygotsky Development is influenced by culture reared in