1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?” 2. Why did he use pea plants?

1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?” Gregor Mendel 2. Why did he use pea plants? To study the inheritance of traits

What do pure bred, true breeding, and homozygous mean?

AA x AA ↓ All offspring will be AA aa x aa ↓ All offspring will be aa AA or aa AA x aa ↓ All offspring will be Aa

What do hybrid and heterozygous mean?

A a 2 Alleles are different

What type of offspring results when you cross two pure “true” breeding parents with different traits? TT x tt

All hybrid (Tt) offspring result

What are the offspring of two pure bred parents called? TT x tt “P” generation 4 Tt “?” generation

What are the offspring of two pure bred parents called? TT x tt “P” Generation 4 Tt “F1” Generation

What results when the offspring (F1) of true breeding parents self-pollinate (breed with themselves)?

Rr RrRr RRRr rr Genotype Ratio: 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1 rr Phenotype Ratio: 3 Round: 1 Wrinkled Rr x Rr F2

What is probability? What is the probability of getting heads when you flip a penny?

Probability= The chance of something happening! Chance of getting heads ½ or 50%

Why did we keep increasing the number of flips in the “Coin Toss” lab?

More times you flip a penny, the more likely you are to get the “expected” outcome (probability). ½ heads, ½ tails

If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses?

½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ 1/64 If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses?

What is the “Principle of Independent Assortment?”

During gamete formation, genes for different traits separate without influencing the other. Foil each parent to get 4 gametes G g Y y GY Gy gY gy

Be able to define: Compete Dominance Incomplete Dominance Co-Dominance

Complete Dominance The dominant trait (G) over shadows the recessive trait (g) and only the dominant trait shows up in the phenotype. Incomplete Dominance Neither trait is dominant over the other and a new trait is displayed. BLENDING!!! Red flowers crossed with white flowers make pink flowers. Co-Dominance Both traits are equally displayed and neither is dominant over the other. ABO blood types: A blood x B blood = AB blood

Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type: Type A Type B Type AB Type O

Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type: AB has same Genotype & Phenotype Co-Dominance

What are polygenic traits?

Traits that have a wide variety of color ranges such as eye colors, hair color, skin color and height.

How many different gametes would you get from the following parent? A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

First determine how many different letters are there for each letter type then multiply ! A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 2 = 32 gametes How many different gametes?

Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH have a child with the following genotype? Why or why not? A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH have a child with the following genotype? Why or why not? NO, because the parent would need to have a big E in their genotype in order for the child to have an E. A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

Know what forms from the sex cells in females and males! 4 Sperm are produced 1 Egg and 3 polar bodies are produced Female Male

The paired, Homologous Chromosomes come together during Meiosis I to make Tetrads The chromatids pull apart during Meiosis I I 4 genetically different cells result at the end of Meiosis Haploid = one set of chromosomes Know the stages of Meiosis I & II

When does crossing over occur during Meiosis? Why is this important?

During Prophase I Important for GENETIC DIVERSITY!! Crossing Over

What is this picture called? What 4 things are shown from this picture?

What is this called? Karyotype Shows: Autosomes = all chromosomes # chromosome pairs (not sex chromosomes) Sex Chromosomes XX= female or XY= male (# 23 pair) Homologous Chromosomes = chromosomes that code for the same traits and pair up with each other Inherited Disorders (ex: Down’s, Turner’s, Kleinfelter’s, Super males/females)

What is non-disjunction?

Non-disjunction – When chromosome pairs don ’ t separate properly during Meiosis I Can involve all chromosomes (sex, autosomes, homologous)

What chromosomal disorder is this on the #21 pair?

Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

What chromosomal disorder is this on the sex chromosome? XXY

Kleinfelter’s Syndrome

What chromosomal disorder is this on the sex chromosome? XO

Turner’s Syndrome

Who determines the sex of the offspring Mother or Father ? Why? What is probability of getting a girl? A boy?

Father determines sex of offspring Father provides either an X or a Y to pair up with the mother’s X to make a boy or girl 50% chance of Boy XY 50% chance of Girl XX

What is this picture called and shows? What do each of the shapes and shading combinations represent? How many generations are shown?

Pedigree Chart shows how a trait is passed from one generation to the next Shows male or female Shows “no trait” “carries trait” or “has trait” 3 Generations shown Normal Male Normal Female Female with Trait Carrier Female Male with Trait Line = Marriage

Be able to describe the differences between: Meiosis and Mitosis Be able to describe the advantages and disadvantages between: Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

MitosisMeiosis Somatic Cells – all body cellsSex Cells - gametes 2 cells are made4 cells are made Diploid – “2N”Haploid – “N” Asexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Advantages  No mate needed for reproduction  Very fast reproduction time  Lots of organisms Advantages  GENETIC DIVERSITY! Disadvantages  All organisms are alike, No Genetic Diversity Disadvantages  Need a mate for reproduction  Slower reproduction time  Fewer organisms

Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits? XBXb XBXbXbXb YXBYXbY XBXb x XbY female carrier x male colorblind Phenotypes: 1 Female/Carrier 1 Female/Colorblind 1 Male/Normal 1 Male/Colorblind ? ?

Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits? XBXb XBXbXbXb YXBYXbY XBXb x XbY female carrier x male color blind Phenotypes: 1 Female/Carrier 1 Female/Color blind 1 Male/Normal 1 Male/Color blind Sex-linked traits only carried on X Y doesn’t carry traits Sex-linked gene/trait – Traits linked to sex chromosomes such as hemophilia or colorblindness

Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms: Allele Gametes Genes Genetics Karyotype Pedigree Probability Punnett Square

Allele- Different forms of a gene Gametes- Sex Cells (egg & sperm) Gene- Part of a chromosome; codes for traits Genetics- Study of how traits are passed generation to generation Karyotype- Picture of all paired chromosomes Autosomes and Sex Cells Pedigree- Family tree (picture) shows passing of trait from one generation to the next generation Probability - Chance of something happening Punnett Square- Chart showing offspring’s trait probabilities

Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms: Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Heterozygous Homozygous Trait Homologous

Dominant – Gene whose effect masks the partner (recessive) trait Recessive – Gene whose effect is masked by partner (dominant) trait Genotype – Genetic makeup of organism (letters) Phenotype – Trait expressed “physical” looks Heterozygous – Pair of different alleles (Rr) Homozygous – Pair of same kind of alleles (RR) (rr) Trait – Inherited characteristic (feature) Homologous – Pair of same kind of chromosomes

Know the definitions of the following vocabulary terms: Co-dominance Incomplete dominance Diploid Haploid Independent Assortment Non-disjunction Segregation

Co-dominance – Both alleles expressed EQUALLY Incomplete dominance – Blending of traits Diploid – Having 2 sets of chromosomes “2N” Haploid – Having 1 set of chromosomes “N” Independent Assortment – Genes that separate have no effect on the other’s inheritance Non-disjunction – When chromosomes don’t separate Segregation – Separation of alleles

Understand which is the P, F1, F2 generations and how you get each.

Know how to do the following types of crosses: Monohybrid Cross Dihybrid Cross Incomplete Dominance Cross Sex-linked Cross Must show key, parents’ genotypes, possible gametes, Punnett square, genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

Doing the different types of Punnett Squares! Complete Dominance Di-Hybrid Cross Incomplete Dominance Sex-Linked Cross