1. Who is named the “Father of Genetics?” Gregor Mendel 2. Why did he use pea plants? To study the inheritance of traits

“Pure bred” and “true breeding” “Homozygous” AA x AA aa x aa AA aa AA x aa

Hybrid and Heterozygous A a 2 Alleles are different

All hybrid (Aa) offspring result Cross two pure “true” breeding parents with different traits

What are the offspring of two pure bred parents called? TT x tt “P” Generation 4 Tt “F1” Generation

What results when the offspring (F1) of true breeding parents self-pollinate (breed with themselves)? Genotype Ratio: 1 PP: 2 Pp: 1 pp Phenotype Ratio: 3 Purple: 1 White Pp PP Pp Pp pp

Probability= The chance of something happening! Chance of getting heads ½ or 50%

More times you flip a penny, the more likely you are to get the “expected” outcome (probability). ½ heads, ½ tails

½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ x ½ 1/64 If you toss a coin 6 times in a row, what is the probability it will land heads for all 6 tosses?

Independent Assortment During gamete formation, genes for different traits separate without influencing the other. Foil each parent to get 4 gametes G g Y y GY Gy gY gy

Complete Dominance The dominant trait (G) over shadows the recessive trait (g) and only the dominant trait shows up in the phenotype. Incomplete Dominance Neither trait is dominant over the other and a new trait is displayed. BLENDING!!! Red flowers crossed with white flowers make pink flowers. Co-Dominance Both traits are equally displayed and neither is dominant over the other. ABO blood types: A blood x B blood = AB blood

Describe the genotypes and phenotypes of each blood type: AB has same Genotype & Phenotype Co-Dominance

What are polygenic traits? Traits that have a wide variety of color ranges such as eye colors, hair color, skin color and height.

First determine how many different letters are there for each letter type then multiply ! A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 2 = 32 gametes How many different gametes?

Can this parent AaBBccDdeeFfGgHH have a child with the following genotype? Why or why not? NO, because the parent would need to have a big E in their genotype in order for the child to have an E. A A B b C c D d E E F F G g H h

Know what forms from the sex cells in females and males! 4 Sperm are produced 1 Egg and 3 polar bodies are produced Female Male

Crossing Over occurs during Prophase 1 of Meiosis Why is this important? Genetic Diversity

The paired, Homologous Chromosomes come together during Meiosis I to make Tetrads The chromatids pull apart during Meiosis I I 4 genetically different cells result at the end of Meiosis Haploid = 1N one set of chromosomes Know the stages of Meiosis I & II

Mitosis Cellular Division 2 Genetically Identical Cells PMATPMAT

MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS Gametes Somatic Cells

Mitosis Meiosis Somatic Cells - all body cells except sex cells Sex Cells – Gametes (Egg or Sperm) 2 genetically identical cells4 genetically different cells Diploid – “2N” 2 sets of Chromosomes Haploid – “N” 1 set of Chromosomes No Genetic Diversity GENETIC DIVERSITY! Goes through PMAT once (Prophase, Meta, Ana, Telo) Goes through PMAT twice (Prophase I, Meta I, Ana I, Telo I) then (Prophase II, Meta II, Ana II, Telo II) VS

Karyotype Shows: Autosomes = all chromosomes # chromosome pairs (not sex chromosomes) Sex Chromosomes XX= female or XY= male (# 23 pair) Homologous Chromosomes = chromosomes that code for the same traits and pair up with each other Inherited Disorders (ex: Down’s, Turner’s, Kleinfelter’s, Super males/females) 46 Chromosomes 23 Pairs

Non-disjunction – When chromosome pairs don ’ t separate properly during Meiosis I Can involve all chromosomes (sex, autosomes

Down’s Syndrome (Trisomy 21) “Trisomy” means extra chromosome

XXY Kleinfelter’s Syndrome Extra X chromosome

XO Turner’s Syndrome

Father determines sex of offspring Father provides either an X or a Y to pair up with the mother’s X to make a boy or girl 50% chance of Boy XY 50% chance of Girl XX

Pedigree Chart shows how a trait is passed from one generation to the next Shows male or female Shows “no trait” “carries trait” or “has trait” 3 Generations shown Normal Male Normal Female Female with Trait Carrier Female Male with Trait Line = Marriage

Know the term Sex-linked genes/traits and how the key and Punnett square would look. What chromosome carries these types of traits? XBXb XBXbXbXb YXBYXbY XBXb x XbY female carrier x male color blind Phenotypes: 1 Female/Carrier 1 Female/Color blind 1 Male/Normal 1 Male/Color blind Sex-linked traits only carried on X Y doesn’t carry traits Sex-linked gene/trait – Traits linked to sex chromosomes such as hemophilia or colorblindness

Know how to do the following types of crosses: Monohybrid Cross (1 Trait; Complete Dominance) Dihybrid Cross (2 traits) Incomplete Dominance Cross (Red, Pink, and White Flowers) Co-Dominance Cross (Blood Groups) Sex-linked Cross (XᴴX ͪ & X ͪY) (key, parents’ genotypes, possible gametes, Punnett square, genotypes and phenotypes of offspring)

Allele- Different forms of a gene Gametes- Sex Cells (egg & sperm – Haploid) Gene- Part of a chromosome; codes for traits Genetics- Study of how traits are passed generation to generation Karyotype- Picture of all paired chromosomes Autosomes and Sex Cells Pedigree- Family tree (picture) shows passing of trait from one generation to the next generation Probability - Chance of something happening Punnett Square- Chart showing offspring’s trait probabilities

Dominant – Gene whose effect masks the partner (recessive) trait Recessive – Gene whose effect is masked by partner (dominant) trait Genotype – Genetic makeup of organism (letters) Phenotype – Trait expressed “physical” looks Heterozygous – Pair of different alleles (Rr) Homozygous – Pair of same kind of alleles (RR) (rr) Trait – Inherited characteristic (feature) Homologous – Pair of same kind of chromosomes

Co-dominance – Both alleles expressed EQUALLY Incomplete dominance – Blending of traits Diploid – Having 2 sets of chromosomes “2N” Haploid – Having 1 set of chromosomes “N” Independent Assortment – Genes that separate have no effect on the other’s inheritance Non-disjunction – When chromosomes don’t separate Segregation – Separation of alleles