DIGESTIVE SYSTEM`

DIGESTIVE PROCESSES INGESTION MOVING FOOD ALONG GI TRACT MECHANICAL PREPARATION FOR DIGESTION CHEMICAL DIGESTION ABSORPTION ELIMINATION

EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT ECTODERM FOREGUT HINDGUT MIDGUT STOMODEUM PROCTODEUM

DERIVATIVES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GI TRACT THYROID PARATHYROID SALIVARY GLANDS LIVER GALLBLADDER PANCREAS

DIGESTIVE ANATOMY MUCOUS MEMBRANE

MUCOUS MEMBRANES

ORGANS ORAL CAVITY PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE

MOUTH HARD PALATE SOFT PALATE UVULA GLOSSOPALATINE ARCHES PARYNGOPALATINE ARCHES FAUCES

ORAL VESTIBULE

LIPS

HARD AND SOFT PALATE

OROPHARYNX

TONGUE FLOOR OF MOUTH EXTRINSIC MUSCLES INTRINSIC MUSCLE PAPILLAE

FILIFORM FUNGIFORM VALLATE TASTE BUDS FOUND ON FUNGIFORM AND VALLATE

FILIFORM PAPILLAE

FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE

VALLATE PAPILLAE

LINGUAL TONSILS FORMS POSTERIOR DORSAL SURFACE LYMPH NODULES

LINGUAL FRENULUM CONNECTS TONGUE VENTRALLY

TEETH GOMPHOSES IN ALVEOLI GINGIVIVAE STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT

ANATOMY OF THE TOOTH DENTIN COVERED BY ENAMEL ANCHORED TO PERIDONAL LIGAMENT BY CEMENTUM

PARTS OF TOOTH CROWN NECK ROOT PULP CAVITY ROOT CANAL APICAL FORAMEN

TYPES OF TEETH INCISORS CUSPIDS BICUSPIDS MOLARS

DECIDIOUS TEETH 20 TEETH COME AT REGULAR INTERVALS START AT SIX MONTHS USUALLY ALL IN BY 2 1/2 YEARS

PERMANENT TEETH 32 TEETH APPEAR AT ABOUT 6 YEARS STOPS AT ABOUT 17 YEARS SOMETIME BETWEEN 17 AND 25 WISDOM TEETH MAY COME IN

SALIVARY GLANDS BUCCAL GLANDS PAROTID GLANDS SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

PAROTID GLAND

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS

PHARYNX NASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX

MESENTERIES

LAYERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL WALL FOUR LAYERS TUNICA MUSOSA TUNICA SUBMUCOSA TUNICA MUSCULARIS TUNICA SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA

TUNICA MUCOSA EPITHELIAL LAYER LAMINA PROPIRA MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

EPITHELIAL LAYER STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS IN MOUTH ESOPHAGUS AND ANUS REST IS SIMPLE COLUMNAR

LAMINA PROPIRA LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINS BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPH NODULES AND SMALL GLANDS PHARYNX -- TONSILS SMALL INTESTINE -- PEYERS PATCHES APPENDIX -- LYMPH NODULES

MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

TUNICA SUBMUCOSA THICK LAYER OF EITHER DENSE OR LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINS BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, NERVES, AND SOMETIMES GLANDS

TUNICA MUSCULARIS DOUBLE LAYER OF MUSCLE IN MOST AREAS INNER LAYER ARRANGED CIRCULARLY OUTER LAYER ARRANGED LONGITUDINALLY THICKENED AREAS OF INNER LAYER FORMS SPHINCTERS

MUSCLES FOUND IN MUSCULARIS SKELETAL --- UPPER PART OF ESOPHAGUS AND EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER SMOOTH -- REST OF TRACT

TUNICA SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA OUTER MOST TUNIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE ESOPHAGUS -- ADVENTITIA ABDOMINAL CAVITY COMPONENTS- -- SEROSA

NERVE PLEXUSES AND REFLEX PATHWAYS SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS --TUNICA SUBMUCOSA MYENTERIC PLEXUS --BETWEEN CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDINAL LAYERS OF TUNICA MUSCLUARIS SUBSEROUS PLEXUS -- TUNICA SEROSA COORDINATE MUCH OF ACTIVITY OF GI TRACT

GANGLIA FOUND IN GI TRACT AUERBACH’S/MYENTERIC PLEXUS –AUTONOMIC GANGLIA ARE FOUND IN THE TUNICA MUSCULARIS MEISSNER’S/SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS –AUTONOMIC GANGLIA FOUND IN TUNICA SUBMUCOSA

REFLEX PATHWAYS SHORT REFLEXES LONG REFLEXES

SHORT REFLEXES SIGNALS ORIGINATE FROM RECEPTORS IN WALL OF GI TRACT TRANSMITTED BY INTRINSIC NERVE PLEXUS TO EFFECTOR CELLS ALL ELEMENTS ARE FOUND IN WALL OF GI TRACT

LONG REFLEXES SIGNALS ORIGINATE IN RECEPTORS IN GI TRACT TRANSMITTED BY AFFERENT NEURONS TO CNS AUTONOMIC NEURONS (VAGUS) CARRY CNS INPUT TO INTRINSIC NERVE PLEXUSES AND EFFECTOR CELLS

ESOPHAGUS LONG MUSCULAR TUBE POSTERIOR TO TRACHEA PASSES THROUGH MEDIASTINUM PASSES THROUGH ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS PERISTALSIS MOVES FOOD THROUGH

STOMACH LEFT OF MID PLANE BLOW DIAPHRAGM CARIDAC ORIFICE PYLORIC SPHINCTER

ANATOMY OF STOMACH LESSER CURVATURE GREATER CURVATURE LESSER OMENTUM GREATER OMENTUM FUNDUS BODY PYLORIC REGION PYLORIC ANTRUM AND CANAL RUGAE

STOMACH RUGAE

PYLORIC SPHINCTER

MODIFICATIONS OF STOMACH MUCOSA GASTRIC GLANDS IN LAMINA PROPIRA GASTRIC PITS

TRANSITION FROM STOMACH TO DUODENUM

TYPES OF GLANDS FUNDIC GLANDS GASTRIC GLANDS PROPER CARDIAC GLANDS PYLORIC GLANDS ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS

FUNDIC AND GASTRIC GLANDS PROPER MUCOUS NECK CELLS PARIETAL (OXYNTIC ) CELLS ZYMOGENIC (CHIEF) CELLS

PARIETAL AND CHIEF CELLS

MUCOUS NECK CELLS SECRETE MUCOUS LOCATED NEAR GASTRIC PITS

PARIETAL CELLS OXYNTIC CELLS SECRETES HCL

ZYMOGENIC CELLS CHIEF CELLS SECRETES PEPSINOGEN

CHIEF CELLS

CARDIAC AND PYLORIC GLANDS SECRETE MAINLY MUCOUS

ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS GASTRIN SEROTONIN HISTAMINE

MODIFICATIONS OF TUNICA MUSCULARIS OBLIQUE MUSCLE LAYER ALLOWS STRONG CONTRACTIONS TO MIX FOOD WITH DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

SMALL INTESTINES LONGEST PORTION OF GI TRACT 6 METERS LONG MOST CONVOLUTED LINED WITH SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM SPECIALIZED TO ABSORB NUTRIENTS WHERE MOST ABSORPTION OCCURS

REGIONS OF SMALL INTESTINE DUODENUM JEJUNUM ILEUM

DUODENUM HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA (AMPULLA OF VATER) DUODENAL PAPILLA HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER (SPHINCTER OF ODDI) DUODENUM IS RETROPERITONEAL 25 CM

SUBMUCOSA OF DUODENUM

TUNICA MUSCULARIS OF THE DUODENUM

DUODENOJEJUNAL JUNCTION

JEJUNUM 2.5 METERS SUSPENDED BY MESENTERY

ILEUM 3.5 METERS ILEOCECAL VALVE ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER SUSPENDED BY MESENTERY

ILEUM

MODIFICATIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE WALL OCCUR IN TUNICA MUCOSA AND TUNICA SUBMUCOSA PLICAE CIRCULARES VILLI

PLICAE CIRCULARES CIRCULAR SHELF LIKE FOLDS INCREASE SURFACE AREA HELP MIX FOOD WITH ENZYMES

VILLI MUCOSAL PROJECTIONS INTO LUMEN COVERED BY SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM CONTAINS A LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY CALLED A LACTEAL

DISTENDED LACTEALS

EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT COVER THE VILLI GOBLET CELLS --- MUCUS ABSORPTIVE CELLS --- ABSORPTION AND DIGESTION ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS -- IN DUODENUM--CCK, SECRETIN AND OTHERS

ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS

INTESTINAL GLANDS CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN BETWEEN BASES OF VILLI

PANETH CELLS NOT ENTEROENDOCRINE SECRETE ANTIBACTERIAL PRODUCTS

PEYER’S PATCHES IN SUBMUCOSA AGGREGATION OF LYMPHATIC NODULES

LARGE INTESTINE 1.5 M LONG EXTENDS FROM ILEOCECAL VALVE TO ANUS NAMED FOR DIAMETER SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM MICROVILLI ABSORPTIVE AND GOBLET CELLS FEW ENZYMES PRODUCED

ANATOMY OF THE LARGE INTESTINE CECUM VERIFORM APPENDIX ASCENDING COLON RIGHT COLIC (HEPATIC) FLEXURE TRANSVERSE COLON LEFT COLIC (SPLENIC FLEXURE) DESCENDING COLON SIGMOID COLON RECTUM ANUS

CECUM BLIND POUCH RECEIVES THE CONTENTS OF THE ILEUM

TYPICAL HISTOLOGY OF THE COLON

VERIFORM APPENDIX NARROW BLIND TUBE EXTENDS DOWNWARD FROM CECUM NUMEROUS LYMPHATIC NODULES

ASCENDING COLON EXTENDS UPWARD TIGHTLY ATTACHED TO POSTERIOR WALL OF ABDOMEN RETROPERITONEAL

RIGHT COLIC FLEXURE HEPATIC FLEXURE JUST BELOW LIVER BENDS TO THE LEFT

TRANSVERSE COLON PASSES ACROSS ABDOMINAL CAVITY SUPENDED BY MESOCOLON

LEFT COLIC FLEXURE SPLENIC FLEXURE BENDS DOWNWARD

DESCENDING COLON RETROPERITONEAL DESCENDS TO LEFT PELVIC BRIM

SIGMOID COLON CURVES TO MIDPLANE TO FORM AN S SHAPED SIGMOID COLON

TUNICS OF THE COLON

TUNICA MUCOSA INTESTINAL GLANDS MUCOUS CELLS NO VILLI PLICAE SEMILUNARE (SEMILUNAR FOLDS)

TUNICA MUSCULARIS TAENIAE COLI 3 BANDS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE RUNS LENGTH OF COLON FORMS POUCHES CALLED HAUSTRA

EPIPLOIC APPENDAGES FAT FILLED FOLDS OF PERITONEUM

HAUSTRA

RECTUM IN FRONT OF SACRUM SAME STRUCTURE AS COLON EXCEPT NO TAENIAE COLI FEMALE

MALE RECTUM

ANAL-RECTAL JUNCTION

MUCOUS CUTANEOUS JUNCTIONS

ANAL CANAL LAST 3-4 CM OF COLON BELOW PELVIC DIAPHRAGM NOT IN ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY MALE ANAL CANAL

ANATOMY OF ANAL CANAL ANAL COLUMNS ANAL SINUSES ANAL VALVES INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTERS

INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER SMOOTH MUSCLE

EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER SKELETAL MUSCLE FEMALE

ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE GI TRACT IMPORTANT FOR DIGESTION OF FOOD CARRIED BY DUCTS DERIVED FROM ENDODERM ALSO

PANCREAS EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE GLAND RETROPERITONEAL HEAD BODY TAIL

HEAD OF PANCREAS

BODY OF PANCREAS

TAIL OF PANCREAS

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY RESEMBLE SALIVARY GLANDS ACINI SINGLE SET OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS ACTIVELY SECRETE ZYMOGEN GRANULES INACTIVE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

PANCREATIC SECRETIONS HORMONES PANCREATIC JUICE

PANCREATIC SECRETIONS EXOCRINE

TRANSPORT TO GI TRACT PANCREATIC DUCT (DUCT OF WIRSUNG) COMMON BILE DUCT ACCESSORY PANCREATIC DUCT (DUCT OF SANTORINI)

ENDOCRINE SECRETIONS ISLETS OF LANGERHAN EXOCYTOSIS DIFFUSION INTO BLOOD STREAM

HEAD OF PANCREAS

PANCREAS

AUTONOMIC GANGLION IN PANCREAS

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

PANCREATIC ACINI

LIVER LARGE ORGAN MANY IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

CAUDATE LOBE

QUADRATE LOBE

LEFT LOBE

RIGHT LOBE

FALCIFORM LIGAMENT

LIGAMENTUM TERES

CORONARY LIGAMENT

LIGAMENTUM VENOSUM

BARE AREA

LESSER OMENTUM ATTACHES IT TO STOMACH

BLOOD SUPPLY TWO BLOOD SUPPLIES 1500 ML OF BLOOD PER MINUTE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

SYSTEMATIC BLOOD SUPPLY 400 ML IN HEPATIC ARTERY BRANCHES OFF AORTA OXYGENATED BLOOD

HEPATIC ARTERY

HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN VENOUS BLOOD DEOXYGENATED NUTRIENT RICH BLOOD FROM DIGESTIVE TRACT, PANCREAS AND SPLEEN 1100 ML PER MINUTE

HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN

UNIQUENESS OF HEPATIC CIRCULATION BOTH SYSTEMIC ARTERIE AND HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN EMPTY INTO SAME SINUSOIDS MEANS THERE IS A MIXTURE OF ARTERIAL AND VENOUS BLOOD EMPTY INTO HEPATIC VEIN AND INTO INFERIOR VENA CAVA

STRUCTURE OF THE LIVER

LIVER CORDS OR PLATES MADE UP OF ROWS OR SHEETS OF HEPATOCYTES

LIVER LOBULES TINY HEXAGONAL COMPARTMENTS

LIVER LOBULES

PORTAL CANALS PORTA HEPATIS

HEPATIC TRIAD

CLASSIC LOBULE

CENTRAL VEIN

LIVER STROMA

HEPATOCYTE

LIVER SINUSOIDS LINED WITH ENDOTHELIUM HIGHLY PERMEABLE

PERISINUSOIDAL SPACE SPACE OF DISSE SEPARATES THE ENDOTHIAL LINING FROM HEPATOCYTES MICROVILLI EXTEN INTO SPACE

STELLATE MACROPHAGES KUPPFER CELLS EXTENSIONS EXTEND INTO SINUSOIDS ACTIVE PHAGOCYTES THAT REMOVE BACTERIA AND FOREIGN CELLS

CELLS LINING SINUSOIDS

BILE CANALICULI LOCATED BETWEEN HEPATOCYTES CARRY BILE TO BILE DUCTS LOCATED AT PERIPHERY OF LOBULES TRAVELS IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF BLOOD BILE DUCTS JOIN TOGETHER TO FORM HEPATIC DUCT

GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER

GALL BLADDER SMALL SAC ON INFERIOR SURFACE OF LIVER COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM STORAGE SITE FOR BILE SERVICED BY CYSTIC DUCT

HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER CONTROLS FATE OF BILE

COMMON BILE DUCT HEPATIC DUCT AND CYSTIC DUCT

GREATER DUODENAL PAPILLAE

LESSER DUODENAL PAPILLAE

COMMON BILE DUCT