Table of Contents What Is an Animal? Animal Symmetry Sponges and Cnidarians Worms

What is an Animal? Eukaryotic Heterotrophic Most are multi-cellular Most are mobile Most reproduce sexually

Structure vs. Function What is the difference? http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/structure http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/function How do these terms relate to Biology and the study of animals?

Structure of Animals - What Is an Animal? The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs, and systems.

Function of Animals The four major functions of all animals include: Obtaining Food & Oxygen Keeping Conditions Stable Movement Reproduction Animals have adaptations that allow them to perform these basic functions in their respective environments.

Classification of Animals - What Is an Animal? Classification of Animals This branching tree shows how the major animal groups are related. There

How are animals classified? Body structure Development DNA *These criteria help classify animals into ~35 major groups or phylums.

Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates Vertebrates are simply animals with a backbone (like yourself) Invertebrates are animals without a backbone *The majority of all animals are invertebrates!

End of Section: What Is an Animal?

Comparing and Contrasting - Animal Symmetry Comparing and Contrasting As you read, compare and contrast the characteristics of animals with bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry in a Venn diagram like the one below. Write the similarities in the space where the circles overlap and the differences on the left and right sides. Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry One line of symmetry, halves that are mirror images, front end with sense organs, quick movement Many lines of symmetry, no distinct front end, live in water, move slowly Balanced arrangement of parts, perform all the basic life functions

Links on Animal Symmetry Click the SciLinks button for links on animal symmetry.

End of Section: Animal Symmetry

Sponges - Sponges and Cnidarians Structures surrounding the central cavity of a sponge are adapted for different functions.

Sponges - Sponges and Cnidarians The sexual reproduction of sponges involves a larval stage that moves. Adult sponges stay in one place.

Structure of a Sponge Activity - Sponges and Cnidarians Structure of a Sponge Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the structure of a sponge.

Calculating a Rate - Sponges and Cnidarians To calculate the rate of water flow in a sponge, divide the volume of water that the sponge filters by the time it takes the water to pass through the sponge. Flow rate = Volume of water/Time For example, a marble-sized sponge filters 15.6 liters of water in a day. How many liters does it filter per hour? Practice Problem In four days, a sponge filters 1,200 L. What is its rate of water flow per day? 300 L/day

Cnidarians - Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians have two basic body plans, the vase-shaped polyp and the bowl-shaped medusa.

Cnidarians - Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians use stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves.

Cnidarians - Sponges and Cnidarians The life cycle of a moon jelly has both a polyp and a medusa stage.

Comparing and Contrasting - Sponges and Cnidarians Comparing and Contrasting As you read, compare and contrast sponges and cnidarians by completing a table like the one below. Feature Sponges Cnidarians Polyp or medusa, central body cavity, tentacles Body structure Hollow body with pores Cell type that traps food Collar cells Stinging cells Method(s) of reproduction Sexual and asexual Sexual and asexual

End of Section: Sponges and Cnidarians

Characteristics of Worms Biologists classify worms into three major phyla—flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms.

Life Cycle of a Dog Tapeworm - Worms Life Cycle of a Dog Tapeworm This flatworm is a parasite that lives in more that one host during its life cycle.

Roundworm Numbers - Worms Biologists counted all the roundworms living in a plot of soil. Then they calculated the percentage that lives in different depths of soil.

Roundworm Numbers - Worms Reading Graphs: Where in the soil was the largest percentage of roundworms found? In the first centimeter

Roundworm Numbers - Worms Calculating: What is the total percentage of roundworms found in the first 3-cm depth of soil? About 87%

Roundworm Numbers - Worms Drawing Conclusions: What is the relationship between the depth of soil and the abundance of roundworms in the soil? The deeper the soil, the fewer the worms

Segmented Worms - Worms Earthworms and other segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections called segments.

Using Prior Knowledge - Worms Before you read, write what you know about worms in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn. What You Know Worms are long and skinny. Worms live in the ground and digest soil. Worms are slimy and wriggly. What You Learned Worms have bilateral symmetry. Some worms are flat. Some worms live in water. Some worms are parasites. Worms have a nervous system.

Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about worms. More on Worms Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about worms.

End of Section: Worms

Graphic Organizer The Life of a Sponge Sponge releases sperm. Sperm enter another sponge and fertilize egg cell. Larva settles on a surface and develops into adult sponge. The Life of a Sponge Water currents carry away larva. Larva develops.

End of Section: Graphic Organizer