© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 13 Urban Patterns

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. { Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas? Key Issue #2

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?  Models of urban structure  Are used to explain where people live in cities  Three models, all developed in the city of Chicago  Concentric zone model  Sector model  Multiple nuclei model

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concentric Zone Model Concentric zone model Created in 1923 by E.W. Burgess; a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Sector Model Sector model Created in 1939 by Homer Hoyt; a city develops in a series of sectors, not rings

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Multiple Nuclei Model Multiple nuclei model Created in 1945 by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman; a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?  Applying the models outside North America  European cities-wealthier people cluster along a sector extending out from the CBD and in the inner rings for the city’s amenities  Less developed countries  Colonial cities-followed standardized plans  Cities since independence-focal points of change in LDCs, millions moving for work  Squatter settlements-due to rapid # of poor moving to cities; temporary housing with few services  Also known as barrios, barriadas, favelas

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Income Distribution in the Paris Region Figure 13-10

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Model of a Latin American City Figure 13-14

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. { Why Do Inner Cities Have Distinctive Problems? Key Issue #3

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?  Inner-city physical issues  Most significant = deteriorating housing  Filtering-subdivision of housing for low income rentals  Redlining-banks literally draw lines on a map to identify areas in which they refuse to loan money  Urban renewal-cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire properties, relocate the resident or business, clear the site, build roads, utilities, etc., and sell the land to private or public developers/agencies  Public housing-for low income households, accounts for a high percentage of housing in inner cities, but not in the US as a whole  Renovated housing  Gentrification-middle-class people move into deteriorated inner city neighborhoods and renovate the housing

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Racial Change in Chicago Figure 13-16

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Inner Cities Face Distinctive Challenges?  Inner-city social issues  The underclass  An unending cycle of social and economic issues  Homelessness  Culture of poverty  Crime  Ethnic and racial segregation  De jure segregation-based on law (ex. Apartheid, Jim Crow laws)  De facto segregation-based on custom (ex. Little Italy, Chinatown)

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. { Why Do Suburbs Have Distinctive Problems? Key Issue #4

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Do Suburbs Face Distinctive Challenges?  Peripheral model-developed by Chauncey Harris (creator of the multiple nuclei model)  An urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by a large suburban and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road  Edge cities-nodes of consumer and business services around the beltway  Density gradient-the number of houses per unit of land decreases as distance from the city center increases  Cost of suburban sprawl-progressive spread of development over the landscape

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Peripheral Model of Urban Areas Fig : The central city is surrounded by a ring road, around which are suburban areas and edge cities, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes.

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Density Gradient